If I must spend close to $2000 of my hard-earned, then the laptop ought to arrive exactly as I ordered it. But I've been researching and comparing and I keep coming up with great laptops that are constipated with an overload of pre-installed programs.
Sellers force their buyers to bend over and take it up the hard drive - it is just plain wrong. To buy a new laptop is like paying for toe-jam: the ones I look at have tons of superfluous pre-installed programs - computer 'toe-jam' - that I neither want nor need.
Am I the only frustrated consumer out there? HELP!!
Why all the irritating and unwanted pre-installed programs on new laptops?
Yep, it sucks doesn't it? However you can always reformat the hard drives and put your own Windows on instead of their license. They make you use their disc so all the preinstalled software comes with it as well. I have multiple licenses so that's not a problem for me, for the majority of people it is though.
You could also look into building your own laptop. They're called Barebooks and there are guides to building custom laptops. Usually they're a bit more expensive but the upside is you can put whatever you'd want on it.
Reply:Nope, not only frustrated one. It's all about selling. Sell you the laptop, then try to sell you more after the fact. That's why I build all my desktops from scratch.
Reply:Well, look at it from this angle: this pre-installed stuff is essentially advertising and essentially subsidises some of the laptops overall costs, potentially reducing your cost. Now then, simply go to Start, Settings, Control Panel, Add/Remove Programs, and kill off all that crap you dont need.
Reply:Simply $$$$$.
Dell actually called me up wondering why I never activated any of the online crap that came with my new system. Why?
Here's why.
When I got my new Dell I didn't turn it on until I imaged the 60gb drive and stored the image on DVD. Then turned on just long enough to activate my waranty. The next thing I did pull out my XP Pro disk out installed a clean copy of XP on newly formated 100gb drive. I never knew what software came pre-installed. If I ever need repair I'll slap the original drive back in with original contents restored from DVD. I use the original drive in an external enclosure so isn't collecting dust.
Reply:i hate aol downloads, etc, but most of these programs you can easily take off.
Reply:Bill Gates, Andrew Grove from Intel and Jerry Sanders from AMD are having a conference.
Suddenly Bill Gates starts to talk to his watch... Grove and Sanders are surprised.
"Thats the new telephone feature from Microsoft at Work it comes with Windows96" describes Bill Gates.
Five minutes later Andy Groves interrupts the conference. "Sorry, it's a call" and starts to talk very silent. "That's the newest Intel-Product. A satellite-telephone in my tooth."
Just a few seconds lets out a loud fart: "Give me some paper ! I'm receiving a fax !
Reply:The programs that you consider unwanted, others consider a selling feature. Rather than griping, just buy the laptop you need, and uninstall the programs you don't want.
Just because you don't want those programs, doesn't mean there aren't thousands upon thousands of people that buy the laptops BASED on the installed programs.
Pardon the pun Mrs RAG, but it sounds like you are on yourself!
(LOL)
Monday, April 26, 2010
Did you study marketing? Help me with ideas?
Hi!
I studied Management and Ec. Sciences at uni, so I am no expert in Marketing or Advertising. I need some help and to pick your brains a little!
My boyfriend studied advertising and is currently looking for work with some of the skate brands where we are. I had an idea that he should cold canvass the brands and distributors.
My idea is that he should do some Consumer and Market Research and Analysis and use it as kind of an opener to his Resume to kind of grab their attention....
Any ideas about what kind of info and stats he could provide?
Your ideas would be much appreciated! : )
Did you study marketing? Help me with ideas?
While the initiative will get a smile, I doubt it would betaken seriously. Real company experience counts. Try temping in these areas to gain experience first. Good luck.
Reply:Sounds like you two have some real potential to annoy people. No one cares about that. What they care about is real work done at other companies. Something to show for experience. Is your boyfriend the guy who thought he'd make $30/hr with no experience!?!? LOL! Seriously, la-la land is not a good place to make income. No one wants or need analysis by two goons when they have their own.
Reply:I Net search may be easier and help use time more effectively.
I studied Management and Ec. Sciences at uni, so I am no expert in Marketing or Advertising. I need some help and to pick your brains a little!
My boyfriend studied advertising and is currently looking for work with some of the skate brands where we are. I had an idea that he should cold canvass the brands and distributors.
My idea is that he should do some Consumer and Market Research and Analysis and use it as kind of an opener to his Resume to kind of grab their attention....
Any ideas about what kind of info and stats he could provide?
Your ideas would be much appreciated! : )
Did you study marketing? Help me with ideas?
While the initiative will get a smile, I doubt it would betaken seriously. Real company experience counts. Try temping in these areas to gain experience first. Good luck.
Reply:Sounds like you two have some real potential to annoy people. No one cares about that. What they care about is real work done at other companies. Something to show for experience. Is your boyfriend the guy who thought he'd make $30/hr with no experience!?!? LOL! Seriously, la-la land is not a good place to make income. No one wants or need analysis by two goons when they have their own.
Reply:I Net search may be easier and help use time more effectively.
People in marketing? Can I pick your brains?
Hi!
I studied Management and Ec. Sciences at uni, so I am no expert in Marketing or Advertising. I need some help and to pick your brains a little!
My boyfriend studied advertising and is currently looking for work with some of the skate brands where we are. I had an idea that he should cold canvass the brands and distributors.
My idea is that he should do some Consumer and Market Research and Analysis and use it as kind of an opener to his Resume to kind of grab their attention....
Any ideas about what kind of info and stats he could provide?
Your ideas would be much appreciated! : )
People in marketing? Can I pick your brains?
Your idea is good but not to get your foot in the door. If he is a Advertising guy. He needs to do the biggest job of his life.
Sell himself. Get a clean resume, Look professional and be confident in him self.
If I don't think a person can sell them selves why would i give them a job to sell my product.
Best of luck!
I studied Management and Ec. Sciences at uni, so I am no expert in Marketing or Advertising. I need some help and to pick your brains a little!
My boyfriend studied advertising and is currently looking for work with some of the skate brands where we are. I had an idea that he should cold canvass the brands and distributors.
My idea is that he should do some Consumer and Market Research and Analysis and use it as kind of an opener to his Resume to kind of grab their attention....
Any ideas about what kind of info and stats he could provide?
Your ideas would be much appreciated! : )
People in marketing? Can I pick your brains?
Your idea is good but not to get your foot in the door. If he is a Advertising guy. He needs to do the biggest job of his life.
Sell himself. Get a clean resume, Look professional and be confident in him self.
If I don't think a person can sell them selves why would i give them a job to sell my product.
Best of luck!
Do you feel guilty for spending money on yourself when you know it could be used to help people who need it?
I often feel guilty for spending money on things I don't need when I know I could invest a lot of that money in charities, organizations, research centers, etc. which help people who lack basic necessities like food and water or contribute to our understanding of how to fight disease and poverty. Whenever I buy new clothes I don't need or spend more money on a car than I need to...or the fact that I live in a house that is more than enough room for me..I just feel guilty. I feel like we're all so selfish and only care about being greedy consumers instead of caring about people who really need help just to live. I wish I didn't feel guilty so often...but I do. Still, it's so hard to give up putting myself and my desires first. Does anyone else struggle with this?
Do you feel guilty for spending money on yourself when you know it could be used to help people who need it?
No coz then you can never enjoy the finer things in life that you work for.You can set aside money for charity work from time to time but u shdnt feel guilty abt spending on ureself.Its just a tad too idealistic.
Reply:I spend most of my money on medical care and rx's.
Reply:I think guilty may not be the right word. I would say you have a sense of social responsibility....which is a good thing. I cannot judge whether you've spent your money excessively on unnecessary things or not. This is something you have to determine for yourself. But I know it is hard to resist from buying when I am constantly being bombarded with endless TV commercials and billboards tempting you to continue buying.
However, if you think living in a smaller house or spend more on helping the poor is right, then just do it. There is nothing wrong with that and no one is stopping you.
Reply:I dont cuz it's my hard earned money.
Reply:Nope
medicine
Do you feel guilty for spending money on yourself when you know it could be used to help people who need it?
No coz then you can never enjoy the finer things in life that you work for.You can set aside money for charity work from time to time but u shdnt feel guilty abt spending on ureself.Its just a tad too idealistic.
Reply:I spend most of my money on medical care and rx's.
Reply:I think guilty may not be the right word. I would say you have a sense of social responsibility....which is a good thing. I cannot judge whether you've spent your money excessively on unnecessary things or not. This is something you have to determine for yourself. But I know it is hard to resist from buying when I am constantly being bombarded with endless TV commercials and billboards tempting you to continue buying.
However, if you think living in a smaller house or spend more on helping the poor is right, then just do it. There is nothing wrong with that and no one is stopping you.
Reply:I dont cuz it's my hard earned money.
Reply:Nope
medicine
Plug-in-hybrid installed on all cars for $3900. Isn't that still too expensively technology?
Don't you think that a new technology should be priced at an affordable price to US consumers? I believe $700-1200 is still reasonable to everyone. Research should be focused on cost effective means.
Plug-in-hybrid installed on all cars for $3900. Isn't that still too expensively technology?
The one EV car I currently have (have 2 vehicles that run on hydrogen also) I converted from a vw bug and is free to charge. As I live completely off the grid all my electricity comes from solar panels and 2 wind generators, which I also built.
However I did charge up at Costco in Carlsbad California (I actually only drove up there to fill up) if I remember right it was around $2.00
Not sure if you’re interesting in doing it yourself, but I’d be willing to walk you step by step threw the conversion. I've converted 3 of my own cars (a datsun truck, ford ban, and a vw bug) and a few for neighbors. I've also converted cars to run on hydrogen, ethanol and biodiesel, by far EV is the easiest.
If you’re interested here’s what it would entitle…
- The engine compartment is first cleaned out of any gasoline components.
- Electric components are then installed in exchange.
- A battery bank is built and incorporated.
- Existing starter and driving systems are connected.
- Turn the key, step on the gas pedal sending more energy to the electric motor, %26amp; thus more power to the drive system, which in return creates more speed, more acceleration.
- The system has normal automotive top speeds and acceleration, typical to the vehicle your modifying. If your top speed was 85 mph and your acceleration was 1 mile per min, then this will be what your left with after the conversion.
The methods are extremely simple, making the process possible for anyone, everyone, ANYWHERE.
Typical tools, hardware %26amp; supplies are used, making access to parts available for all.
Electric Conversions can be easily accomplished in ANY model vehicle, even tractors, Generators, types of machinery, etc.
Project lengths range from 1 day to 1 month.
If you’re interested I wrote a guide on it which is available at www agua-luna com
My last EV conversion ran me about $1400. Everything is available online. I have a how to do it yourself guide available at www agua-luna com that will walk you step by step through the process. If you have ANY questions feel free to contact me through the site. Here’s a list of what you'd need...
Advanced DC Motor
The motor is an 8" Advanced DC series-wound motor. It weighs 107 pounds and is rated at 68 peak horsepower. These motors are available in several sizes.
Adaptor plate
The adaptor plate mates the motor to the transmission. It is constructed of 1/2 inch aluminum and is pre-drilled with bolt hole patterns for both the motor and transmission. An aluminum spacer is also used for proper spacing between the shafts of the transmission and motor. Adaptor plates are available for many cars.
DC Motor Controller
The controller regulates current going to the motor. It is a solid-state device that uses a pulse width modulator (PWM) that sends short bursts of current to the motor at a rate of 15 kHz. Controllers are available from both Curtis and DCP.
Potbox (Potentiometer)
The potbox is a 5K ohm throttle between the controller and the accelerator, similar to the way a sewing machine pedal works. The potbox's lever arm is attached to the existing accelerator cable.
Main Contactor
An electric relay that serves the same purpose as the ignition switch in a gas car. When the key is turned to the start position, the contactor closes the circuit to allow current to flow to the controller.
Circuit Breaker
A safety device that shuts down power for servicing or during an emergency. The circuit breaker is installed under the hood and can be switched both off and on from the drivers seat with an extension or cable.
Main Fuse
The main fuse protect the system from high voltage spikes. A fuse should be installed at each battery box or group of batteries.
Shunt
A shunt is placed in series within the wiring as a means to connect meters. Shunts are available in different sizes for both high and low power configurations.
Charger interlock
A relay that keeps the circuit open so nobody will inadvertantly drive off with the charge cord plugged into the car.
DC/DC Converter
The DC/DC converter is similar in function to a gas car's alternator. It charges the 12 volt accessory battery by chopping voltage from the main battery pack down to 13.5 volts.
If you interested I offer several DIY alternative guides to walk you step by step threw EV conversion process at agua-luna com or
www agua-luna com
Hope this helped, feel free to contact me personally if you have any questions if you’d like assistance in making your first self sufficient steps, I’m willing to walk you step by step threw the process. I’ve written several how-to DIY guides available at www agua-luna com on the subject. I also offer online and on-site workshops, seminars and internships to help others help the environment.
Dan Martin
Alterative Energy / Sustainable Consultant, Living 100% on Alternative %26amp; Author of How One Simple Yet Incredibly Powerful Resource Is Transforming The Lives of Regular People From All Over The World... Instantly Elevating Their Income %26amp; Lowering Their Debt, While Saving The Environment by Using FREE ENERGY... All With Just One Click of A Mouse...For more info Visit:
www AGUA-LUNA com
Stop Global Warming!!!
Reply:The price is irrelevant because it's doubtful that such a conversion kit really exists. Nobody has batteries that'll withstand the demands of an electric vehicle, and that includes General Motors.
If you have any better ideas, there is certainly a market for them.
Plug-in-hybrid installed on all cars for $3900. Isn't that still too expensively technology?
The one EV car I currently have (have 2 vehicles that run on hydrogen also) I converted from a vw bug and is free to charge. As I live completely off the grid all my electricity comes from solar panels and 2 wind generators, which I also built.
However I did charge up at Costco in Carlsbad California (I actually only drove up there to fill up) if I remember right it was around $2.00
Not sure if you’re interesting in doing it yourself, but I’d be willing to walk you step by step threw the conversion. I've converted 3 of my own cars (a datsun truck, ford ban, and a vw bug) and a few for neighbors. I've also converted cars to run on hydrogen, ethanol and biodiesel, by far EV is the easiest.
If you’re interested here’s what it would entitle…
- The engine compartment is first cleaned out of any gasoline components.
- Electric components are then installed in exchange.
- A battery bank is built and incorporated.
- Existing starter and driving systems are connected.
- Turn the key, step on the gas pedal sending more energy to the electric motor, %26amp; thus more power to the drive system, which in return creates more speed, more acceleration.
- The system has normal automotive top speeds and acceleration, typical to the vehicle your modifying. If your top speed was 85 mph and your acceleration was 1 mile per min, then this will be what your left with after the conversion.
The methods are extremely simple, making the process possible for anyone, everyone, ANYWHERE.
Typical tools, hardware %26amp; supplies are used, making access to parts available for all.
Electric Conversions can be easily accomplished in ANY model vehicle, even tractors, Generators, types of machinery, etc.
Project lengths range from 1 day to 1 month.
If you’re interested I wrote a guide on it which is available at www agua-luna com
My last EV conversion ran me about $1400. Everything is available online. I have a how to do it yourself guide available at www agua-luna com that will walk you step by step through the process. If you have ANY questions feel free to contact me through the site. Here’s a list of what you'd need...
Advanced DC Motor
The motor is an 8" Advanced DC series-wound motor. It weighs 107 pounds and is rated at 68 peak horsepower. These motors are available in several sizes.
Adaptor plate
The adaptor plate mates the motor to the transmission. It is constructed of 1/2 inch aluminum and is pre-drilled with bolt hole patterns for both the motor and transmission. An aluminum spacer is also used for proper spacing between the shafts of the transmission and motor. Adaptor plates are available for many cars.
DC Motor Controller
The controller regulates current going to the motor. It is a solid-state device that uses a pulse width modulator (PWM) that sends short bursts of current to the motor at a rate of 15 kHz. Controllers are available from both Curtis and DCP.
Potbox (Potentiometer)
The potbox is a 5K ohm throttle between the controller and the accelerator, similar to the way a sewing machine pedal works. The potbox's lever arm is attached to the existing accelerator cable.
Main Contactor
An electric relay that serves the same purpose as the ignition switch in a gas car. When the key is turned to the start position, the contactor closes the circuit to allow current to flow to the controller.
Circuit Breaker
A safety device that shuts down power for servicing or during an emergency. The circuit breaker is installed under the hood and can be switched both off and on from the drivers seat with an extension or cable.
Main Fuse
The main fuse protect the system from high voltage spikes. A fuse should be installed at each battery box or group of batteries.
Shunt
A shunt is placed in series within the wiring as a means to connect meters. Shunts are available in different sizes for both high and low power configurations.
Charger interlock
A relay that keeps the circuit open so nobody will inadvertantly drive off with the charge cord plugged into the car.
DC/DC Converter
The DC/DC converter is similar in function to a gas car's alternator. It charges the 12 volt accessory battery by chopping voltage from the main battery pack down to 13.5 volts.
If you interested I offer several DIY alternative guides to walk you step by step threw EV conversion process at agua-luna com or
www agua-luna com
Hope this helped, feel free to contact me personally if you have any questions if you’d like assistance in making your first self sufficient steps, I’m willing to walk you step by step threw the process. I’ve written several how-to DIY guides available at www agua-luna com on the subject. I also offer online and on-site workshops, seminars and internships to help others help the environment.
Dan Martin
Alterative Energy / Sustainable Consultant, Living 100% on Alternative %26amp; Author of How One Simple Yet Incredibly Powerful Resource Is Transforming The Lives of Regular People From All Over The World... Instantly Elevating Their Income %26amp; Lowering Their Debt, While Saving The Environment by Using FREE ENERGY... All With Just One Click of A Mouse...For more info Visit:
www AGUA-LUNA com
Stop Global Warming!!!
Reply:The price is irrelevant because it's doubtful that such a conversion kit really exists. Nobody has batteries that'll withstand the demands of an electric vehicle, and that includes General Motors.
If you have any better ideas, there is certainly a market for them.
Why do American cars suck? Would you say union workers?
NEW YORK, Feb 28 (Reuters) - Japan's automakers shut out the competition in an influential list of the 10 best new vehicles for 2007, with models from Toyota Motor Corp. (7203.T: Quote, Profile, Research) and Honda Motor Co. Ltd. (7267.T: Quote, Profile, Research) in the lead.
Consumer Reports magazine on Wednesday released its top picks for new cars based on its own testing, reported reliability by a survey of car owners and government safety rankings.
Reuters Pictures
Photo
Editors Choice: Best pictures
from the last 24 hours.
View Slideshow
For the second time in the 10-year history of the list, all of the magazine's top picks were Japanese. In addition, 55 of the 59 used car models recommended by the magazine were Japanese, again dominated by Toyota and Honda.
Why do American cars suck? Would you say union workers?
Americans believe bigger is better. Japanese and German automakers believe reliabilty and quality is better. It has taken the American public a long time to realise what the rest of the world discovered more than 20 years ago.
Reply:It's sad but true ( I own a European Repair shop), If you look at the older Mercedes they have technology even back in the early 80's %26amp; later 70's that surpassed American automotives - like ABS brakes. Of course now that America is buying up the Asian %26amp; European car manufactures they are improving greatly. An example is when Mercedes merged with Chrysler - Dodge %26amp; Chrysler have improved greatly - they are taking the suspension designs from Mercedes. Ford now owns Volvo, Land Rover, and Jaguar %26amp; has been involved with Mazda for a long time. So while Asian Imports (some-not all) do out perform American made cars I believe that we are making a come back %26amp; will improve drastically in the next 5-10 years. So before I get too carried away I would say no I would not blame labor workers - maybe lack of certain abilities to put it all together to make the best product out there. Oh by the way - I have owned about 9 Volvo's - Mercedes, BMW, Lexus, Honda %26amp; VW - I now drive a 06' Dodge Durango - would have not gone near a Dodge 5 years ago.
Reply:the best cars I ever owned were jap cars..the only good american cars I ever own were pre 80s models..Americans cant make good front wheel drive cars..they suck ..I miss the old big boats of a car form the 70s..
Reply:I like my GMC and my HD although some of the parts are built overseas.I don't care for what the Union has done to alot of America's productivity. It always did hit me funny when a Union worker wouldn't pay the American price for something, I would rather pay an extra dollar or two to keep a fellow American working. Some people just want their checks for free. I believe in putting my name on my job!
Reply:That is part of it....and greed by the ar$ehole salesmen that don't stand behind their product....and its sad too because all the partsupply workers suffer to boot...soon we'll be able to get a car at Wal-Mart with all the rest of that Chinese crap
Reply:I love American cars and that is the only ones I will ever buy. I have never owned a foreign car, this is my small way of supporting the jobs of Americans. I think Chevy's are some of the best cars ever made and they are great to look at too! Honda's are made in the USA , Ohio has a huge Honda factory that employs many. If you are a true American-Buy American cars-do the right thing for your country!!
Reply:No. It's because the cars were lasting too long and the car companies were losing money not selling new cars. So they made new cars, starting about the mid-80's, to break down after a certain amount of time. They used to build them to last, now they build them to be replaced. Very wasteful.
Reply:Import cars are good.considering they began as economical cracker boxes....Not a thing wrong with American cars..I have owned American cars since 1967 and thy have all served me well.
I don't permit foriegn cars to park in my drive way or in front of my house....I would take a bus before I drove in one
Reply:Yes absolutely.
Labor unions have been driving up costs and lowering quality for decades.
Consumer Reports magazine on Wednesday released its top picks for new cars based on its own testing, reported reliability by a survey of car owners and government safety rankings.
Reuters Pictures
Photo
Editors Choice: Best pictures
from the last 24 hours.
View Slideshow
For the second time in the 10-year history of the list, all of the magazine's top picks were Japanese. In addition, 55 of the 59 used car models recommended by the magazine were Japanese, again dominated by Toyota and Honda.
Why do American cars suck? Would you say union workers?
Americans believe bigger is better. Japanese and German automakers believe reliabilty and quality is better. It has taken the American public a long time to realise what the rest of the world discovered more than 20 years ago.
Reply:It's sad but true ( I own a European Repair shop), If you look at the older Mercedes they have technology even back in the early 80's %26amp; later 70's that surpassed American automotives - like ABS brakes. Of course now that America is buying up the Asian %26amp; European car manufactures they are improving greatly. An example is when Mercedes merged with Chrysler - Dodge %26amp; Chrysler have improved greatly - they are taking the suspension designs from Mercedes. Ford now owns Volvo, Land Rover, and Jaguar %26amp; has been involved with Mazda for a long time. So while Asian Imports (some-not all) do out perform American made cars I believe that we are making a come back %26amp; will improve drastically in the next 5-10 years. So before I get too carried away I would say no I would not blame labor workers - maybe lack of certain abilities to put it all together to make the best product out there. Oh by the way - I have owned about 9 Volvo's - Mercedes, BMW, Lexus, Honda %26amp; VW - I now drive a 06' Dodge Durango - would have not gone near a Dodge 5 years ago.
Reply:the best cars I ever owned were jap cars..the only good american cars I ever own were pre 80s models..Americans cant make good front wheel drive cars..they suck ..I miss the old big boats of a car form the 70s..
Reply:I like my GMC and my HD although some of the parts are built overseas.I don't care for what the Union has done to alot of America's productivity. It always did hit me funny when a Union worker wouldn't pay the American price for something, I would rather pay an extra dollar or two to keep a fellow American working. Some people just want their checks for free. I believe in putting my name on my job!
Reply:That is part of it....and greed by the ar$ehole salesmen that don't stand behind their product....and its sad too because all the partsupply workers suffer to boot...soon we'll be able to get a car at Wal-Mart with all the rest of that Chinese crap
Reply:I love American cars and that is the only ones I will ever buy. I have never owned a foreign car, this is my small way of supporting the jobs of Americans. I think Chevy's are some of the best cars ever made and they are great to look at too! Honda's are made in the USA , Ohio has a huge Honda factory that employs many. If you are a true American-Buy American cars-do the right thing for your country!!
Reply:No. It's because the cars were lasting too long and the car companies were losing money not selling new cars. So they made new cars, starting about the mid-80's, to break down after a certain amount of time. They used to build them to last, now they build them to be replaced. Very wasteful.
Reply:Import cars are good.considering they began as economical cracker boxes....Not a thing wrong with American cars..I have owned American cars since 1967 and thy have all served me well.
I don't permit foriegn cars to park in my drive way or in front of my house....I would take a bus before I drove in one
Reply:Yes absolutely.
Labor unions have been driving up costs and lowering quality for decades.
Are you aware of the danger of using Cytotec for inducing childbirth?
A lovely woman, I recently met, lost both her healthy thirty-two year old daughter and grandchild because of a scheduled birth induction in the hospital with the drug Cytotec. This drug can cause death in the mother and baby if used during pregnancy. Please research this drug and see for yourself if you want either you or your baby exposed to it. You are the consumer. Do your research so that you and your partner can make educated decisions during childbirth.
Cytotec: Black Box Warnings
Pregnancy
use in pregnant women can cause abortion, premature birth, or birth defects; uterine rupture reported w/ use to induce labor or abortion past 8th wk of pregnancy; do not use to decr. advise pts of abortifacient property and warn not to give to others
Take a look at this link to read about the dangers of Cytotec.
http://www.consciouswoman.org/2008/04/01...
Are you aware of the danger of using Cytotec for inducing childbirth?
My hospital still uses it from time to time, which really irritates me. There has been enough documentation to support it's risks, but I guess the old-school doctors still have their faith in it until they see something really bad happen firsthand. It's sad.
Having said that, and knowing the dangers, all of the times I have ever had patients who were being ripened / induced with cytotec have not had any major complications. One woman went into hypertonus of the uterus (a sustained contraction) but it was quickly alleviated with terbutaline.
I would encourage all women to talk at length with their doctors about the chosen induction methods. Cervidil works wonderfully for ripening and pitocin is the standard tried and true method of induction.
Reply:Thanks for sharing this here. I don't think that most women know about how dangerous a drug this can be.
As a doula I am sure to share with my clients the hazards of this dangerous drug.
http://www.whatisaids.com/cytotec107.htm
http://parenting.ivillage.com/pregnancy/...
http://www.midwiferytoday.com/articles/c...
http://www.gentlebirth.org/archives/cyto...
A warning from Cytotec's own manufacturer against using it on pregnant women for the purposes of induction.
http://www.aims.org.uk/Journal/Vol13No3/...
Reply:thanks for letting us know
Reply:I recently heard about the effect of Cytotec on a documentary, and I looked into it immediately. I knew as soon as I heard about what the effects were that it was the reason I had nearly died at birth. A known side effect in inducing in a pregnant woman that has already has a C-section is a ruptured uturus. When my mother gave birth to me, her uterus ruptured from the drug, and both my mom and I nearly died. I am almost 21, and I think it is ridiculous that they have not banned its use already, especially with all the C-sections there are today. I plan to study it a lot more now, and I agree that we need to raise awareness on the issue.
Cytotec: Black Box Warnings
Pregnancy
use in pregnant women can cause abortion, premature birth, or birth defects; uterine rupture reported w/ use to induce labor or abortion past 8th wk of pregnancy; do not use to decr. advise pts of abortifacient property and warn not to give to others
Take a look at this link to read about the dangers of Cytotec.
http://www.consciouswoman.org/2008/04/01...
Are you aware of the danger of using Cytotec for inducing childbirth?
My hospital still uses it from time to time, which really irritates me. There has been enough documentation to support it's risks, but I guess the old-school doctors still have their faith in it until they see something really bad happen firsthand. It's sad.
Having said that, and knowing the dangers, all of the times I have ever had patients who were being ripened / induced with cytotec have not had any major complications. One woman went into hypertonus of the uterus (a sustained contraction) but it was quickly alleviated with terbutaline.
I would encourage all women to talk at length with their doctors about the chosen induction methods. Cervidil works wonderfully for ripening and pitocin is the standard tried and true method of induction.
Reply:Thanks for sharing this here. I don't think that most women know about how dangerous a drug this can be.
As a doula I am sure to share with my clients the hazards of this dangerous drug.
http://www.whatisaids.com/cytotec107.htm
http://parenting.ivillage.com/pregnancy/...
http://www.midwiferytoday.com/articles/c...
http://www.gentlebirth.org/archives/cyto...
A warning from Cytotec's own manufacturer against using it on pregnant women for the purposes of induction.
http://www.aims.org.uk/Journal/Vol13No3/...
Reply:thanks for letting us know
Reply:I recently heard about the effect of Cytotec on a documentary, and I looked into it immediately. I knew as soon as I heard about what the effects were that it was the reason I had nearly died at birth. A known side effect in inducing in a pregnant woman that has already has a C-section is a ruptured uturus. When my mother gave birth to me, her uterus ruptured from the drug, and both my mom and I nearly died. I am almost 21, and I think it is ridiculous that they have not banned its use already, especially with all the C-sections there are today. I plan to study it a lot more now, and I agree that we need to raise awareness on the issue.
What western companies based in Russia are the most regular TV commercial advertisers (list of the companies)?
Hi there:
Doing currently an extensive business marketing research among the western corporations based in the Russian Federation (especially the ones in Moscow), I would be extremely grateful to those who would be happy to kindly assist me with the very useful information on major TV commercial advertisers (having commercial spots for their brands). Subsequently, these are the western corporations based in the Russian Federation (covering all industries and sectors, with a special emphasis on fast moving consumer goods such as coffee, cookies, biscuits, confectionery and ice cream, healthcare products, footwear, apparel, soft drinks, video tapes, computers, credit cards, delivery service, office equipment, automobiles, banks, batteries, camera/film, communications, consumer electronics, cruise lines, entertainment, hotels, insurance, isotonics, oil and gas, packaged foods, paints, car rentals, retail, salty snacks, supplements, tyres, underwear and watches).
Many Thanks
What western companies based in Russia are the most regular TV commercial advertisers (list of the companies)?
What are you talking about
Reply:sorry i really havent got a clue what that question means at all, to many long words lol
home teeth cleaning
Doing currently an extensive business marketing research among the western corporations based in the Russian Federation (especially the ones in Moscow), I would be extremely grateful to those who would be happy to kindly assist me with the very useful information on major TV commercial advertisers (having commercial spots for their brands). Subsequently, these are the western corporations based in the Russian Federation (covering all industries and sectors, with a special emphasis on fast moving consumer goods such as coffee, cookies, biscuits, confectionery and ice cream, healthcare products, footwear, apparel, soft drinks, video tapes, computers, credit cards, delivery service, office equipment, automobiles, banks, batteries, camera/film, communications, consumer electronics, cruise lines, entertainment, hotels, insurance, isotonics, oil and gas, packaged foods, paints, car rentals, retail, salty snacks, supplements, tyres, underwear and watches).
Many Thanks
What western companies based in Russia are the most regular TV commercial advertisers (list of the companies)?
What are you talking about
Reply:sorry i really havent got a clue what that question means at all, to many long words lol
home teeth cleaning
How do I purify ground water tainted with chemicals? (I'm trying to teach how)?
Everything is connected, I am sorry if my words travel. I wish for my words to reflect my thought process so others may understand my teachings as valuable. I'm going to teach an school class. I wish my words to have deep truthful value. I know, I am from the Earth and I find the earth to be truth. People have called me "native", but I don't quite understand really why. I have came to understand that everything that man has created comes from elements found in the natural world, or from the Earth. My goal is to get names of todays consumer products that common people buy at big block stores. The products that each race and color of the planet, buys (in america). Once I have names, I wish to research into each of the individual building blocks that makes the product as a whole. I than will be able to look into each individual element to see what natural or earthly matterials it has came from. Eventual I can hopefully than collect them from the woods or natural world. I wish to take my students on a trip into the woods and show them. Lol,...do this make sense? It's kinda from the top, down. I wish to teach people true values and this is how I can. Spirituality is connected to everything, this is what my grandfather said. His words are becoming truth to me, as I try to teach. Does anyone have any names of products that can purify ground water tinted with chemicals?
How do I purify ground water tainted with chemicals? (I'm trying to teach how)?
I have a Katydyn water purifier. It is a level three which is good enough for any water found in North America. Level 4 is will even work in third world country. My katydyn cost 70 dollars. If you are looking for a cheaper fix, boiling or iodine pills
How do I purify ground water tainted with chemicals? (I'm trying to teach how)?
I have a Katydyn water purifier. It is a level three which is good enough for any water found in North America. Level 4 is will even work in third world country. My katydyn cost 70 dollars. If you are looking for a cheaper fix, boiling or iodine pills
Creative ZEN V PLUS??. . .do u have it.?
Im planning to buy it this week. ..
its the best MP3 player i did a lot of research. . .
yahoo tech
consumer reports. ...etc.
its has everything for a price less than an ipod
im planning to buy the 4GB
features:
radio
pictures
video
music
alarm clock
calendar
view from all angles (you can rotate the screen)
1,000 songs
66 hrs.
all for $130 its 130 at the best buy near us but
if its only the zen v, the cheapest one is $60
but the cheapest in zen v plus is $80
does anyone have it . .. what do u have to say about it?
why do you like it%26gt;
what r the pros and cons??
Creative ZEN V PLUS??. . .do u have it.?
pros: cheap but alot of cool features! easy to add music
and can support many types
cons:can freeze if not used properly like if you try to turn the power of when a song is playing
its the best MP3 player i did a lot of research. . .
yahoo tech
consumer reports. ...etc.
its has everything for a price less than an ipod
im planning to buy the 4GB
features:
radio
pictures
video
music
alarm clock
calendar
view from all angles (you can rotate the screen)
1,000 songs
66 hrs.
all for $130 its 130 at the best buy near us but
if its only the zen v, the cheapest one is $60
but the cheapest in zen v plus is $80
does anyone have it . .. what do u have to say about it?
why do you like it%26gt;
what r the pros and cons??
Creative ZEN V PLUS??. . .do u have it.?
pros: cheap but alot of cool features! easy to add music
and can support many types
cons:can freeze if not used properly like if you try to turn the power of when a song is playing
What makes a great music magazine (or a successful one)?
I need to do some research on what makes a music magazine successful. Since it is the consumer who it's down to in the end, i thought it'd be good to ask you all lol
So yeah, any ideas on what draws you to a music mag, what you'd want, and also what an online magazine(webzine) could provide for you?
Also name some of your faves and why :)
thanks x
What makes a great music magazine (or a successful one)?
The one and only music magazine I read is Alternative Press(AP).The reason I like AP cuz I listen to a lot of bands that u don't see in the media.I can count on them to always have the bands I listen to.They always have reviews on CD and nine times out of ten I agree with them.They also have caned interviews with the cover bands.They also show a different of the band.Also they have advice commons.Other things which enjoy reading
Reply:in my opinion its advertisements...
So yeah, any ideas on what draws you to a music mag, what you'd want, and also what an online magazine(webzine) could provide for you?
Also name some of your faves and why :)
thanks x
What makes a great music magazine (or a successful one)?
The one and only music magazine I read is Alternative Press(AP).The reason I like AP cuz I listen to a lot of bands that u don't see in the media.I can count on them to always have the bands I listen to.They always have reviews on CD and nine times out of ten I agree with them.They also have caned interviews with the cover bands.They also show a different of the band.Also they have advice commons.Other things which enjoy reading
Reply:in my opinion its advertisements...
Creating a creative brief for yahoo launch in australia,creative theme?
Creative Strategy/Rationale Framework - Client/Topic TBA
The advertising campaign is an information battle for the hearts and minds of consumers. Every battle requires thoroughly planned strategy, otherwise the battle will turn into the mess of failures and defeats.
Your advertising goals have to be clearly and exactly pointed out; there is no place for inaccuracies or ambiguity.
Next step … you need to determine the target audience. That is where you are to apply your strategy. How do you conquer the segment and what obstacles may come up? Some research insights would be helpful at this stage. You need to know more or less precisely the demands and expectations of your consumers regarding your product.
It is vital to estimate your brand value proposition. What is the brand value proposition? It is combination of people’s attitude toward your brand and their affinity with it.
Having defined strategy and goals, the process moves to executing advertisement messages. It is essential that message strategy be integrated and flowed in one direction. All images, words, headlines, sounds and colours of the ad have to match and empower each other, otherwise you will have chaos. People will get an impression that you do not know yourself what you advertise. The advertising campaign is to be "purposed."
Encourage, nurture and protect good advertising by sticking to the strategy.
Your task is to craft an advertising creative strategy - a blueprint for creative strategy and execution. What should creative talk about and how? Develop a summary strategy proposal for the purpose of agency/internal consumption. You are leading the agency team at this stage. Your proposal should be approximately 3-5 pages ... bring it to life. Capture the essence of the total task and illuminate territories for creative exploration
Creating a creative brief for yahoo launch in australia,creative theme?
Too long to read !
but if I answer to your heading - use a Kangaroo theme - Like Kangaroo jack hoping around the out backs shouting Yahoooo !
false teeth
The advertising campaign is an information battle for the hearts and minds of consumers. Every battle requires thoroughly planned strategy, otherwise the battle will turn into the mess of failures and defeats.
Your advertising goals have to be clearly and exactly pointed out; there is no place for inaccuracies or ambiguity.
Next step … you need to determine the target audience. That is where you are to apply your strategy. How do you conquer the segment and what obstacles may come up? Some research insights would be helpful at this stage. You need to know more or less precisely the demands and expectations of your consumers regarding your product.
It is vital to estimate your brand value proposition. What is the brand value proposition? It is combination of people’s attitude toward your brand and their affinity with it.
Having defined strategy and goals, the process moves to executing advertisement messages. It is essential that message strategy be integrated and flowed in one direction. All images, words, headlines, sounds and colours of the ad have to match and empower each other, otherwise you will have chaos. People will get an impression that you do not know yourself what you advertise. The advertising campaign is to be "purposed."
Encourage, nurture and protect good advertising by sticking to the strategy.
Your task is to craft an advertising creative strategy - a blueprint for creative strategy and execution. What should creative talk about and how? Develop a summary strategy proposal for the purpose of agency/internal consumption. You are leading the agency team at this stage. Your proposal should be approximately 3-5 pages ... bring it to life. Capture the essence of the total task and illuminate territories for creative exploration
Creating a creative brief for yahoo launch in australia,creative theme?
Too long to read !
but if I answer to your heading - use a Kangaroo theme - Like Kangaroo jack hoping around the out backs shouting Yahoooo !
false teeth
Why do people always put down MLM companys?
I mean the majority of the people that always say, Its a scam, and all of that stuff, probably never even been in one. And if they were in one and found out that it wasnt for them they go around saying that they are all scams. Most of the time when people say IT didn't work, just tell them that if they take out the T they will figure out the real solution to there problem. Network marketing is a legit way to get a product to the consumers. Actually it is the best for almost any product. Word of mouth advertiseing works better than anyother kind. If all network markting companies are scams then why did Warren Buffet buy out Pampered Chef. Just a question to make people think. So many rookies in Network Marketing go around spamming, Spamming is what turns people away. I am not saying that all Network Marketing is legit. There are people out there that to take advantage of the system and turn it into a scheme. But before you say anything about any company please do some research. Thats it
Why do people always put down MLM companys?
You are absolutely right, and some of the people who have already answered you are sooooo wrong. You have to understand that they have been pre-programmed to believe this is all a scam and that it is anything but respectable. I believe their ignorance is just shining through. MLM is merely an alternate way to market a product because stories sell. They choose not to have a brick and mortar store and all the expenses that go with it, and take the advertising budget and pay it out to the field.
Donald Trump said if he had to do it all over again, he would start with Network Marketing. Last time I checked, he was a pretty astute businessman and we could all learn from him.
Another factor is that most people don't and never will understand creating leverage, residual income as well as passive income. These people prefer to make others rich with their services, ie their boss, and think there is absolutely nothing wrong with that. Yet they shun us for recruiting people....what the heck do they think their boss was doing when they hired them?? For some reason THAT they consider respectable.
Those that knock this industry are just "sheep" who are willing to work for someone else for the rest of their lives and find that respectable. No worries, I know in my heart that I enrich people's lives by sharing my product with them and by showing them how to earn an income they never would have received working for someone else.
I also know that what I do is more than respectable and I also know that I earn more than any of these nay-sayers do.
You don't see us going to their jobs and knocking them, yet they have no qualms about doing that to us.
Sheer ignorance.
Reply:Network marketing is not the scam.........the way some of the companies are run is the scam. I have had family members burnt from some of the biggest MLM companies out there!!! Dont misunderstand me, these companies have history and quality products, but the way they want to get the products out to the consumer is what I dont like. They put people into positions of high stress,repeat sales, which forces a lot of people to be what they are not. I find that sad. I work for a company that relies on network marketing(and to be honest, what company doesnt?) but their approach is totally different. In fact, to be honest, they work very hard to keep themselves at arm's length from these companies to distance themselves. My wife and I have enjoyed this way of doing business for 6 years, and will be doing it for the rest of our lives. If you truely want to see a different way of doing network marketing, you owe it to yourself to check out our website and ask for more information, so I can show you the complete picture. Take a look at cyf.makemoreathome.com and go from there. Good luck to you, I wish you the best!! Neil M.
Reply:I had the pleasure of doing management consulting work for an MLM company for a little over one year. I can't speak to all of them, but I can speak to this one (although, out of respect for my client, I won't tell you who they are).
The management of this company looked at their sales force as a bunch of rubes who existed solely to get fleeced. To the company, they were nothing more than a bunch of suckers who would greedilly soak up any line of BS the company threw at them, if they were told that it was part of The Program. There was no respect, only contempt.
If you want to sell, fine. Go find something to sell. But don't for a minute think that MLM is a respectible way to make a living.
BTW, to answer your question: Buffett bought out Pampered Chef because he is smart enough to be at the TOP of the pyramid, not the bottom.
Reply:Okay, did some research - here it is from the Federal Trade Commission:
Multilevel marketing plans, also known as "network" or "matrix" marketing, are a way of selling goods or services through distributors. These plans typically promise that if you sign up as a distributor, you will receive commissions -- for both your sales of the plan's goods or services and those of other people you recruit to join the distributors. Multilevel marketing plans usually promise to pay commissions through two or more levels of recruits, known as the distributor's "downline."
If a plan offers to pay commissions for recruiting new distributors, watch out! Most states outlaw this practice, which is known as "pyramiding." State laws against pyramiding say that a multilevel marketing plan should only pay commissions for retail sales of goods or services, not for recruiting new distributors.
Why is pyramiding prohibited? Because plans that pay commissions for recruiting new distributors inevitably collapse when no new distributors can be recruited. And when a plan collapses, most people -- except perhaps those at the very top of the pyramid -- lose their money.
The Federal Trade Commission cannot tell you whether a particular multilevel marketing plan is legal. Nor can it give you advice about whether to join such a plan. You must make that decision yourself. However, the FTC suggests that you use common sense, and consider these seven tips when you make your decision:
Avoid any plan that includes commissions for recruiting additional distributors. It may be an illegal pyramid.
Beware of plans that ask new distributors to purchase expensive inventory. These plans can collapse quickly -- and also may be thinly-disguised pyramids.
Be cautious of plans that claim you will make money through continued growth of your "downline" -- the commissions on sales made by new distributors you recruit -- rather than through sales of products you make yourself.
Beware of plans that claim to sell miracle products or promise enormous earnings. Just because a promoter of a plan makes a claim doesn't mean it's true! Ask the promoter of the plan to substantiate claims with hard evidence.
Beware of shills -- "decoy" references paid by a plan's promoter to describe their fictional success in earning money through the plan.
Don't pay or sign any contracts in an "opportunity meeting" or any other high-pressure situation. Insist on taking your time to think over a decision to join. Talk it over with your spouse, a knowledgeable friend, an accountant or lawyer.
Do your homework! Check with your local Better Business Bureau and state Attorney General about any plan you're considering -- especially when the claims about the product or your potential earnings seem too good to be true.
Reply:... because when you are done convincing yourself, you are still ripping off the product buyer - who is really paying pennies for the product they are buying [which is generally no better - and often times worse - than a similar product available freely over the counter for considerably less] AND dollars in commissions to you, AND the one you recruited, AND the one he recruited AND never mind your boss on top of your level gets paid out of the same fund too, AND however many more of you there may be...
I've looked at both ends of that food chain - and quite frankly - the items sold are often manufactured/produced out of country in order to produce at such a low cost, with most of the profit in "empty" sales commissions you most likely will not see much off anyway. This hurts our already s***ing economy by using cheap out of state labor, and by selling some crap that usually won't perform as advertised anyway.
I don't mind paying a "middleman" for the effort, time and inconcenience of having procured, stored and provided an item I am looking to buy, but by golly - I have a real problem with feeding an extended family of middlemen for something that is literally worth pennies.
Reply:because.... they think they are all the same, some scam. It's because they don't know better.
-Angela
http://www.ratraceclub.com
Reply:I think it's because there have been some highly-publicized MLM companies that turned into scams, if they didn't start out that way. Think, "Dare to be Great". There can be so much more profit potential in selling distributorships than in moving product, that the product side can become unimportant very quickly.
Why do people always put down MLM companys?
You are absolutely right, and some of the people who have already answered you are sooooo wrong. You have to understand that they have been pre-programmed to believe this is all a scam and that it is anything but respectable. I believe their ignorance is just shining through. MLM is merely an alternate way to market a product because stories sell. They choose not to have a brick and mortar store and all the expenses that go with it, and take the advertising budget and pay it out to the field.
Donald Trump said if he had to do it all over again, he would start with Network Marketing. Last time I checked, he was a pretty astute businessman and we could all learn from him.
Another factor is that most people don't and never will understand creating leverage, residual income as well as passive income. These people prefer to make others rich with their services, ie their boss, and think there is absolutely nothing wrong with that. Yet they shun us for recruiting people....what the heck do they think their boss was doing when they hired them?? For some reason THAT they consider respectable.
Those that knock this industry are just "sheep" who are willing to work for someone else for the rest of their lives and find that respectable. No worries, I know in my heart that I enrich people's lives by sharing my product with them and by showing them how to earn an income they never would have received working for someone else.
I also know that what I do is more than respectable and I also know that I earn more than any of these nay-sayers do.
You don't see us going to their jobs and knocking them, yet they have no qualms about doing that to us.
Sheer ignorance.
Reply:Network marketing is not the scam.........the way some of the companies are run is the scam. I have had family members burnt from some of the biggest MLM companies out there!!! Dont misunderstand me, these companies have history and quality products, but the way they want to get the products out to the consumer is what I dont like. They put people into positions of high stress,repeat sales, which forces a lot of people to be what they are not. I find that sad. I work for a company that relies on network marketing(and to be honest, what company doesnt?) but their approach is totally different. In fact, to be honest, they work very hard to keep themselves at arm's length from these companies to distance themselves. My wife and I have enjoyed this way of doing business for 6 years, and will be doing it for the rest of our lives. If you truely want to see a different way of doing network marketing, you owe it to yourself to check out our website and ask for more information, so I can show you the complete picture. Take a look at cyf.makemoreathome.com and go from there. Good luck to you, I wish you the best!! Neil M.
Reply:I had the pleasure of doing management consulting work for an MLM company for a little over one year. I can't speak to all of them, but I can speak to this one (although, out of respect for my client, I won't tell you who they are).
The management of this company looked at their sales force as a bunch of rubes who existed solely to get fleeced. To the company, they were nothing more than a bunch of suckers who would greedilly soak up any line of BS the company threw at them, if they were told that it was part of The Program. There was no respect, only contempt.
If you want to sell, fine. Go find something to sell. But don't for a minute think that MLM is a respectible way to make a living.
BTW, to answer your question: Buffett bought out Pampered Chef because he is smart enough to be at the TOP of the pyramid, not the bottom.
Reply:Okay, did some research - here it is from the Federal Trade Commission:
Multilevel marketing plans, also known as "network" or "matrix" marketing, are a way of selling goods or services through distributors. These plans typically promise that if you sign up as a distributor, you will receive commissions -- for both your sales of the plan's goods or services and those of other people you recruit to join the distributors. Multilevel marketing plans usually promise to pay commissions through two or more levels of recruits, known as the distributor's "downline."
If a plan offers to pay commissions for recruiting new distributors, watch out! Most states outlaw this practice, which is known as "pyramiding." State laws against pyramiding say that a multilevel marketing plan should only pay commissions for retail sales of goods or services, not for recruiting new distributors.
Why is pyramiding prohibited? Because plans that pay commissions for recruiting new distributors inevitably collapse when no new distributors can be recruited. And when a plan collapses, most people -- except perhaps those at the very top of the pyramid -- lose their money.
The Federal Trade Commission cannot tell you whether a particular multilevel marketing plan is legal. Nor can it give you advice about whether to join such a plan. You must make that decision yourself. However, the FTC suggests that you use common sense, and consider these seven tips when you make your decision:
Avoid any plan that includes commissions for recruiting additional distributors. It may be an illegal pyramid.
Beware of plans that ask new distributors to purchase expensive inventory. These plans can collapse quickly -- and also may be thinly-disguised pyramids.
Be cautious of plans that claim you will make money through continued growth of your "downline" -- the commissions on sales made by new distributors you recruit -- rather than through sales of products you make yourself.
Beware of plans that claim to sell miracle products or promise enormous earnings. Just because a promoter of a plan makes a claim doesn't mean it's true! Ask the promoter of the plan to substantiate claims with hard evidence.
Beware of shills -- "decoy" references paid by a plan's promoter to describe their fictional success in earning money through the plan.
Don't pay or sign any contracts in an "opportunity meeting" or any other high-pressure situation. Insist on taking your time to think over a decision to join. Talk it over with your spouse, a knowledgeable friend, an accountant or lawyer.
Do your homework! Check with your local Better Business Bureau and state Attorney General about any plan you're considering -- especially when the claims about the product or your potential earnings seem too good to be true.
Reply:... because when you are done convincing yourself, you are still ripping off the product buyer - who is really paying pennies for the product they are buying [which is generally no better - and often times worse - than a similar product available freely over the counter for considerably less] AND dollars in commissions to you, AND the one you recruited, AND the one he recruited AND never mind your boss on top of your level gets paid out of the same fund too, AND however many more of you there may be...
I've looked at both ends of that food chain - and quite frankly - the items sold are often manufactured/produced out of country in order to produce at such a low cost, with most of the profit in "empty" sales commissions you most likely will not see much off anyway. This hurts our already s***ing economy by using cheap out of state labor, and by selling some crap that usually won't perform as advertised anyway.
I don't mind paying a "middleman" for the effort, time and inconcenience of having procured, stored and provided an item I am looking to buy, but by golly - I have a real problem with feeding an extended family of middlemen for something that is literally worth pennies.
Reply:because.... they think they are all the same, some scam. It's because they don't know better.
-Angela
http://www.ratraceclub.com
Reply:I think it's because there have been some highly-publicized MLM companies that turned into scams, if they didn't start out that way. Think, "Dare to be Great". There can be so much more profit potential in selling distributorships than in moving product, that the product side can become unimportant very quickly.
Creating a creative brief for yahoo launch in australia,creative theme?
Creative Strategy/Rationale Framework - Client/Topic TBA
The advertising campaign is an information battle for the hearts and minds of consumers. Every battle requires thoroughly planned strategy, otherwise the battle will turn into the mess of failures and defeats.
Your advertising goals have to be clearly and exactly pointed out; there is no place for inaccuracies or ambiguity.
Next step … you need to determine the target audience. That is where you are to apply your strategy. How do you conquer the segment and what obstacles may come up? Some research insights would be helpful at this stage. You need to know more or less precisely the demands and expectations of your consumers regarding your product.
It is vital to estimate your brand value proposition. What is the brand value proposition? It is combination of people’s attitude toward your brand and their affinity with it.
Having defined strategy and goals, the process moves to executing advertisement messages. It is essential that message strategy be integrated and flowed in one direction. All images, words, headlines, sounds and colours of the ad have to match and empower each other, otherwise you will have chaos. People will get an impression that you do not know yourself what you advertise. The advertising campaign is to be "purposed."
Encourage, nurture and protect good advertising by sticking to the strategy.
Your task is to craft an advertising creative strategy - a blueprint for creative strategy and execution. What should creative talk about and how? Develop a summary strategy proposal for the purpose of agency/internal consumption. You are leading the agency team at this stage. Your proposal should be approximately 3-5 pages ... bring it to life. Capture the essence of the total task and illuminate territories for creative exploration
Creating a creative brief for yahoo launch in australia,creative theme?
Too long to read !
but if I answer to your heading - use a Kangaroo theme - Like Kangaroo jack hoping around the out backs shouting Yahoooo !
The advertising campaign is an information battle for the hearts and minds of consumers. Every battle requires thoroughly planned strategy, otherwise the battle will turn into the mess of failures and defeats.
Your advertising goals have to be clearly and exactly pointed out; there is no place for inaccuracies or ambiguity.
Next step … you need to determine the target audience. That is where you are to apply your strategy. How do you conquer the segment and what obstacles may come up? Some research insights would be helpful at this stage. You need to know more or less precisely the demands and expectations of your consumers regarding your product.
It is vital to estimate your brand value proposition. What is the brand value proposition? It is combination of people’s attitude toward your brand and their affinity with it.
Having defined strategy and goals, the process moves to executing advertisement messages. It is essential that message strategy be integrated and flowed in one direction. All images, words, headlines, sounds and colours of the ad have to match and empower each other, otherwise you will have chaos. People will get an impression that you do not know yourself what you advertise. The advertising campaign is to be "purposed."
Encourage, nurture and protect good advertising by sticking to the strategy.
Your task is to craft an advertising creative strategy - a blueprint for creative strategy and execution. What should creative talk about and how? Develop a summary strategy proposal for the purpose of agency/internal consumption. You are leading the agency team at this stage. Your proposal should be approximately 3-5 pages ... bring it to life. Capture the essence of the total task and illuminate territories for creative exploration
Creating a creative brief for yahoo launch in australia,creative theme?
Too long to read !
but if I answer to your heading - use a Kangaroo theme - Like Kangaroo jack hoping around the out backs shouting Yahoooo !
Why do people always put down MLM companys?
I mean the majority of the people that always say, Its a scam, and all of that stuff, probably never even been in one. And if they were in one and found out that it wasnt for them they go around saying that they are all scams. Most of the time when people say IT didn't work, just tell them that if they take out the T they will figure out the real solution to there problem. Network marketing is a legit way to get a product to the consumers. Actually it is the best for almost any product. Word of mouth advertiseing works better than anyother kind. If all network markting companies are scams then why did Warren Buffet buy out Pampered Chef. Just a question to make people think. So many rookies in Network Marketing go around spamming, Spamming is what turns people away. I am not saying that all Network Marketing is legit. There are people out there that to take advantage of the system and turn it into a scheme. But before you say anything about any company please do some research. Thats it
Why do people always put down MLM companys?
You are absolutely right, and some of the people who have already answered you are sooooo wrong. You have to understand that they have been pre-programmed to believe this is all a scam and that it is anything but respectable. I believe their ignorance is just shining through. MLM is merely an alternate way to market a product because stories sell. They choose not to have a brick and mortar store and all the expenses that go with it, and take the advertising budget and pay it out to the field.
Donald Trump said if he had to do it all over again, he would start with Network Marketing. Last time I checked, he was a pretty astute businessman and we could all learn from him.
Another factor is that most people don't and never will understand creating leverage, residual income as well as passive income. These people prefer to make others rich with their services, ie their boss, and think there is absolutely nothing wrong with that. Yet they shun us for recruiting people....what the heck do they think their boss was doing when they hired them?? For some reason THAT they consider respectable.
Those that knock this industry are just "sheep" who are willing to work for someone else for the rest of their lives and find that respectable. No worries, I know in my heart that I enrich people's lives by sharing my product with them and by showing them how to earn an income they never would have received working for someone else.
I also know that what I do is more than respectable and I also know that I earn more than any of these nay-sayers do.
You don't see us going to their jobs and knocking them, yet they have no qualms about doing that to us.
Sheer ignorance.
Reply:Network marketing is not the scam.........the way some of the companies are run is the scam. I have had family members burnt from some of the biggest MLM companies out there!!! Dont misunderstand me, these companies have history and quality products, but the way they want to get the products out to the consumer is what I dont like. They put people into positions of high stress,repeat sales, which forces a lot of people to be what they are not. I find that sad. I work for a company that relies on network marketing(and to be honest, what company doesnt?) but their approach is totally different. In fact, to be honest, they work very hard to keep themselves at arm's length from these companies to distance themselves. My wife and I have enjoyed this way of doing business for 6 years, and will be doing it for the rest of our lives. If you truely want to see a different way of doing network marketing, you owe it to yourself to check out our website and ask for more information, so I can show you the complete picture. Take a look at cyf.makemoreathome.com and go from there. Good luck to you, I wish you the best!! Neil M.
Reply:I had the pleasure of doing management consulting work for an MLM company for a little over one year. I can't speak to all of them, but I can speak to this one (although, out of respect for my client, I won't tell you who they are).
The management of this company looked at their sales force as a bunch of rubes who existed solely to get fleeced. To the company, they were nothing more than a bunch of suckers who would greedilly soak up any line of BS the company threw at them, if they were told that it was part of The Program. There was no respect, only contempt.
If you want to sell, fine. Go find something to sell. But don't for a minute think that MLM is a respectible way to make a living.
BTW, to answer your question: Buffett bought out Pampered Chef because he is smart enough to be at the TOP of the pyramid, not the bottom.
Reply:Okay, did some research - here it is from the Federal Trade Commission:
Multilevel marketing plans, also known as "network" or "matrix" marketing, are a way of selling goods or services through distributors. These plans typically promise that if you sign up as a distributor, you will receive commissions -- for both your sales of the plan's goods or services and those of other people you recruit to join the distributors. Multilevel marketing plans usually promise to pay commissions through two or more levels of recruits, known as the distributor's "downline."
If a plan offers to pay commissions for recruiting new distributors, watch out! Most states outlaw this practice, which is known as "pyramiding." State laws against pyramiding say that a multilevel marketing plan should only pay commissions for retail sales of goods or services, not for recruiting new distributors.
Why is pyramiding prohibited? Because plans that pay commissions for recruiting new distributors inevitably collapse when no new distributors can be recruited. And when a plan collapses, most people -- except perhaps those at the very top of the pyramid -- lose their money.
The Federal Trade Commission cannot tell you whether a particular multilevel marketing plan is legal. Nor can it give you advice about whether to join such a plan. You must make that decision yourself. However, the FTC suggests that you use common sense, and consider these seven tips when you make your decision:
Avoid any plan that includes commissions for recruiting additional distributors. It may be an illegal pyramid.
Beware of plans that ask new distributors to purchase expensive inventory. These plans can collapse quickly -- and also may be thinly-disguised pyramids.
Be cautious of plans that claim you will make money through continued growth of your "downline" -- the commissions on sales made by new distributors you recruit -- rather than through sales of products you make yourself.
Beware of plans that claim to sell miracle products or promise enormous earnings. Just because a promoter of a plan makes a claim doesn't mean it's true! Ask the promoter of the plan to substantiate claims with hard evidence.
Beware of shills -- "decoy" references paid by a plan's promoter to describe their fictional success in earning money through the plan.
Don't pay or sign any contracts in an "opportunity meeting" or any other high-pressure situation. Insist on taking your time to think over a decision to join. Talk it over with your spouse, a knowledgeable friend, an accountant or lawyer.
Do your homework! Check with your local Better Business Bureau and state Attorney General about any plan you're considering -- especially when the claims about the product or your potential earnings seem too good to be true.
Reply:... because when you are done convincing yourself, you are still ripping off the product buyer - who is really paying pennies for the product they are buying [which is generally no better - and often times worse - than a similar product available freely over the counter for considerably less] AND dollars in commissions to you, AND the one you recruited, AND the one he recruited AND never mind your boss on top of your level gets paid out of the same fund too, AND however many more of you there may be...
I've looked at both ends of that food chain - and quite frankly - the items sold are often manufactured/produced out of country in order to produce at such a low cost, with most of the profit in "empty" sales commissions you most likely will not see much off anyway. This hurts our already s***ing economy by using cheap out of state labor, and by selling some crap that usually won't perform as advertised anyway.
I don't mind paying a "middleman" for the effort, time and inconcenience of having procured, stored and provided an item I am looking to buy, but by golly - I have a real problem with feeding an extended family of middlemen for something that is literally worth pennies.
Reply:because.... they think they are all the same, some scam. It's because they don't know better.
-Angela
http://www.ratraceclub.com
Reply:I think it's because there have been some highly-publicized MLM companies that turned into scams, if they didn't start out that way. Think, "Dare to be Great". There can be so much more profit potential in selling distributorships than in moving product, that the product side can become unimportant very quickly.
Why do people always put down MLM companys?
You are absolutely right, and some of the people who have already answered you are sooooo wrong. You have to understand that they have been pre-programmed to believe this is all a scam and that it is anything but respectable. I believe their ignorance is just shining through. MLM is merely an alternate way to market a product because stories sell. They choose not to have a brick and mortar store and all the expenses that go with it, and take the advertising budget and pay it out to the field.
Donald Trump said if he had to do it all over again, he would start with Network Marketing. Last time I checked, he was a pretty astute businessman and we could all learn from him.
Another factor is that most people don't and never will understand creating leverage, residual income as well as passive income. These people prefer to make others rich with their services, ie their boss, and think there is absolutely nothing wrong with that. Yet they shun us for recruiting people....what the heck do they think their boss was doing when they hired them?? For some reason THAT they consider respectable.
Those that knock this industry are just "sheep" who are willing to work for someone else for the rest of their lives and find that respectable. No worries, I know in my heart that I enrich people's lives by sharing my product with them and by showing them how to earn an income they never would have received working for someone else.
I also know that what I do is more than respectable and I also know that I earn more than any of these nay-sayers do.
You don't see us going to their jobs and knocking them, yet they have no qualms about doing that to us.
Sheer ignorance.
Reply:Network marketing is not the scam.........the way some of the companies are run is the scam. I have had family members burnt from some of the biggest MLM companies out there!!! Dont misunderstand me, these companies have history and quality products, but the way they want to get the products out to the consumer is what I dont like. They put people into positions of high stress,repeat sales, which forces a lot of people to be what they are not. I find that sad. I work for a company that relies on network marketing(and to be honest, what company doesnt?) but their approach is totally different. In fact, to be honest, they work very hard to keep themselves at arm's length from these companies to distance themselves. My wife and I have enjoyed this way of doing business for 6 years, and will be doing it for the rest of our lives. If you truely want to see a different way of doing network marketing, you owe it to yourself to check out our website and ask for more information, so I can show you the complete picture. Take a look at cyf.makemoreathome.com and go from there. Good luck to you, I wish you the best!! Neil M.
Reply:I had the pleasure of doing management consulting work for an MLM company for a little over one year. I can't speak to all of them, but I can speak to this one (although, out of respect for my client, I won't tell you who they are).
The management of this company looked at their sales force as a bunch of rubes who existed solely to get fleeced. To the company, they were nothing more than a bunch of suckers who would greedilly soak up any line of BS the company threw at them, if they were told that it was part of The Program. There was no respect, only contempt.
If you want to sell, fine. Go find something to sell. But don't for a minute think that MLM is a respectible way to make a living.
BTW, to answer your question: Buffett bought out Pampered Chef because he is smart enough to be at the TOP of the pyramid, not the bottom.
Reply:Okay, did some research - here it is from the Federal Trade Commission:
Multilevel marketing plans, also known as "network" or "matrix" marketing, are a way of selling goods or services through distributors. These plans typically promise that if you sign up as a distributor, you will receive commissions -- for both your sales of the plan's goods or services and those of other people you recruit to join the distributors. Multilevel marketing plans usually promise to pay commissions through two or more levels of recruits, known as the distributor's "downline."
If a plan offers to pay commissions for recruiting new distributors, watch out! Most states outlaw this practice, which is known as "pyramiding." State laws against pyramiding say that a multilevel marketing plan should only pay commissions for retail sales of goods or services, not for recruiting new distributors.
Why is pyramiding prohibited? Because plans that pay commissions for recruiting new distributors inevitably collapse when no new distributors can be recruited. And when a plan collapses, most people -- except perhaps those at the very top of the pyramid -- lose their money.
The Federal Trade Commission cannot tell you whether a particular multilevel marketing plan is legal. Nor can it give you advice about whether to join such a plan. You must make that decision yourself. However, the FTC suggests that you use common sense, and consider these seven tips when you make your decision:
Avoid any plan that includes commissions for recruiting additional distributors. It may be an illegal pyramid.
Beware of plans that ask new distributors to purchase expensive inventory. These plans can collapse quickly -- and also may be thinly-disguised pyramids.
Be cautious of plans that claim you will make money through continued growth of your "downline" -- the commissions on sales made by new distributors you recruit -- rather than through sales of products you make yourself.
Beware of plans that claim to sell miracle products or promise enormous earnings. Just because a promoter of a plan makes a claim doesn't mean it's true! Ask the promoter of the plan to substantiate claims with hard evidence.
Beware of shills -- "decoy" references paid by a plan's promoter to describe their fictional success in earning money through the plan.
Don't pay or sign any contracts in an "opportunity meeting" or any other high-pressure situation. Insist on taking your time to think over a decision to join. Talk it over with your spouse, a knowledgeable friend, an accountant or lawyer.
Do your homework! Check with your local Better Business Bureau and state Attorney General about any plan you're considering -- especially when the claims about the product or your potential earnings seem too good to be true.
Reply:... because when you are done convincing yourself, you are still ripping off the product buyer - who is really paying pennies for the product they are buying [which is generally no better - and often times worse - than a similar product available freely over the counter for considerably less] AND dollars in commissions to you, AND the one you recruited, AND the one he recruited AND never mind your boss on top of your level gets paid out of the same fund too, AND however many more of you there may be...
I've looked at both ends of that food chain - and quite frankly - the items sold are often manufactured/produced out of country in order to produce at such a low cost, with most of the profit in "empty" sales commissions you most likely will not see much off anyway. This hurts our already s***ing economy by using cheap out of state labor, and by selling some crap that usually won't perform as advertised anyway.
I don't mind paying a "middleman" for the effort, time and inconcenience of having procured, stored and provided an item I am looking to buy, but by golly - I have a real problem with feeding an extended family of middlemen for something that is literally worth pennies.
Reply:because.... they think they are all the same, some scam. It's because they don't know better.
-Angela
http://www.ratraceclub.com
Reply:I think it's because there have been some highly-publicized MLM companies that turned into scams, if they didn't start out that way. Think, "Dare to be Great". There can be so much more profit potential in selling distributorships than in moving product, that the product side can become unimportant very quickly.
Why do some earn a living by killings animals and humans too?
Red meat can greatly increase the risk of breast cancer, according to a report.
(Advertisement)
The study found post-menopausal women who eat large amounts a day could be 64 per cent more likely to suffer the disease.
There is also an increased chance in younger females who have small amounts of beef, pork or lamb daily.
The study, led by Professor Janet Cade of the University of Leeds, involved studying the diets of 35,000 women aged between 35 and 69 for eight years.
The research states: "Women, both pre and post-menopausal, who consumed the most meat had the highest risk of breast cancer.
"Women generally consuming most total meat, red and processed meat were at the highest increased risk compared with non-meat consumers."
The women completed 217-item food questionnaires and were divided into three groups depending on whether they were low, medium or high meat-eaters.
They were compared with women in the study who were vegetarian and researchers also took into account smoking, weight, fruit and vegetable intake, education, age and use of hormone replacement therapy.
Prof Cade said: "The findings are robust. Whatever we adjusted the data for we could find an association.
"Really these results could apply to all women. At home I have cut down on the amount of red meat we eat as a family a week.
"I am not suggesting that everyone should become a vegetarian, that would be unrealistic, but the findings were strong and I think we should pay attention to them."
The study was dismissed as "rubbish" by Sandy Crombie, chairman of the Scottish region of The Guild of Q Butchers, who pointed out that 56g of meat was roughly half a quarter-pound burger.
He said: "Two ounces is absolutely tiny. I have never heard such rubbish, it's a tiny amount.
"This is ridiculous, it's silly, it's barely worth talking about."
Why do some earn a living by killings animals and humans too?
if you eat you die and if don't you die your man in the white coat has to justify how he spent 8.5 million in three weeks so he say's er well i er found out we shouldn't eat something that we've been eating for the past million years or so !
That way he knows they won't ask where he got his car and palace and plastic wife !
Reply:whatever, I love meat and I intend to keep eating it. Proud to be a carnivore!!!
Reply:I am vegetarian and have been for years. It is a very personal choice and not one which I feel is appropriate to force on other people. I chose to not eat meat for moral reasons. I don't believe that eating meat is really bad for people - after all it's got us to where we are now. What is your question?
Reply:is this a question or a sermon? regardless, your points are relatively solid. I would say this though, ultimately the best diet is one of moderation. eating red meat doesnt kill you, eating too much of it does, just like eating too much of many things.
broken teeth
(Advertisement)
The study found post-menopausal women who eat large amounts a day could be 64 per cent more likely to suffer the disease.
There is also an increased chance in younger females who have small amounts of beef, pork or lamb daily.
The study, led by Professor Janet Cade of the University of Leeds, involved studying the diets of 35,000 women aged between 35 and 69 for eight years.
The research states: "Women, both pre and post-menopausal, who consumed the most meat had the highest risk of breast cancer.
"Women generally consuming most total meat, red and processed meat were at the highest increased risk compared with non-meat consumers."
The women completed 217-item food questionnaires and were divided into three groups depending on whether they were low, medium or high meat-eaters.
They were compared with women in the study who were vegetarian and researchers also took into account smoking, weight, fruit and vegetable intake, education, age and use of hormone replacement therapy.
Prof Cade said: "The findings are robust. Whatever we adjusted the data for we could find an association.
"Really these results could apply to all women. At home I have cut down on the amount of red meat we eat as a family a week.
"I am not suggesting that everyone should become a vegetarian, that would be unrealistic, but the findings were strong and I think we should pay attention to them."
The study was dismissed as "rubbish" by Sandy Crombie, chairman of the Scottish region of The Guild of Q Butchers, who pointed out that 56g of meat was roughly half a quarter-pound burger.
He said: "Two ounces is absolutely tiny. I have never heard such rubbish, it's a tiny amount.
"This is ridiculous, it's silly, it's barely worth talking about."
Why do some earn a living by killings animals and humans too?
if you eat you die and if don't you die your man in the white coat has to justify how he spent 8.5 million in three weeks so he say's er well i er found out we shouldn't eat something that we've been eating for the past million years or so !
That way he knows they won't ask where he got his car and palace and plastic wife !
Reply:whatever, I love meat and I intend to keep eating it. Proud to be a carnivore!!!
Reply:I am vegetarian and have been for years. It is a very personal choice and not one which I feel is appropriate to force on other people. I chose to not eat meat for moral reasons. I don't believe that eating meat is really bad for people - after all it's got us to where we are now. What is your question?
Reply:is this a question or a sermon? regardless, your points are relatively solid. I would say this though, ultimately the best diet is one of moderation. eating red meat doesnt kill you, eating too much of it does, just like eating too much of many things.
broken teeth
I'm trying to get into equity analysis in the next few years.?
I want to start my own research so I can show a potential employer that I am not stupid and can actually pick good stocks. I'm not a tech guy, and don't want to analyze pharmaceuticals, either. So, in the next 5-10 years, what areas of analysis are going to be in demand, i.e., what industries? Consumer goods, industrials, metals, etc.? Thanks for your input.
I'm trying to get into equity analysis in the next few years.?
All industries are "in demand". It doesn't matter which industry as long as you make good recommendations.
I'm trying to get into equity analysis in the next few years.?
All industries are "in demand". It doesn't matter which industry as long as you make good recommendations.
Trying to pick a crib?
I am due April 19 and am in the process of trying to buy a crib. I am trying to find where to research or get reviews on cribs for free (consumer reports charges). Also if you have a crib that you would recommend or would not recommend please let me know (manufacturer, name of crib). I am trying to stay around $250, give or take a little. Also where did you go to get your crib? A baby store, a furniture store, a discount store? Thanks for all your help.
Trying to pick a crib?
We bought our crib at Target. It is made by Bassett Baby and we love it. It is very sturdy and well made. It was $299.99 and it comes in white or honey finishes. There are also other pieces in the collection like a changing table and dresser. We have been using it for just about 3 years with no problems at all. I tested cribs when I was looking by giving them a good shake, if they were flimsy I didn't even consider them. Your baby will shake it back and forth and jump up and down so make sure it can take some abuse!! Good luck and congratulations.
Reply:Do NOT recommend the Jardine brand in Cherry wood color.
This one -
http://www.toysrus.com/product/index.jsp...
We bought that one and the smell from the schlak (i know i spelled that wrong) was so bad that it smelled up the whole upstairs of the house - luckily it was under the 30 day notice and we still hadn't had our baby yet - so we returned it.
Another nice thing to get just so that you know so that they can sleep in the room with you for a little prior to moving them into a room by themselves if you wanted to do this was a pack n play...came in SO handy because you can use it as a changing table too while they are little.
Best of luck and congrats!
Reply:Well, for my second set of twins we had to buy another crib because my father in law broke one and we got a simpicity one. I forget the actual name of it, but it is a 4 in 1 bed and it has a little dresser (with changing table on top) on the side with a shelf also. I think that at walmart it was under $250. It is very simple of me to lower the side of it with no problem when I have my son in my arms. I was not to hard to put together also. Any crib that you can get more than one use out of is great (ex toddler bed, daybed etc.)and well worth the money.
Reply:Call 1-800-222-6161 to order a catalog (Free)
http://www5.jcpenney.com/jcp/categoryall...
http://www5.jcpenney.com/jcp/SearchProdu...
http://www5.jcpenney.com/jcp/Products.as...
Trying to pick a crib?
We bought our crib at Target. It is made by Bassett Baby and we love it. It is very sturdy and well made. It was $299.99 and it comes in white or honey finishes. There are also other pieces in the collection like a changing table and dresser. We have been using it for just about 3 years with no problems at all. I tested cribs when I was looking by giving them a good shake, if they were flimsy I didn't even consider them. Your baby will shake it back and forth and jump up and down so make sure it can take some abuse!! Good luck and congratulations.
Reply:Do NOT recommend the Jardine brand in Cherry wood color.
This one -
http://www.toysrus.com/product/index.jsp...
We bought that one and the smell from the schlak (i know i spelled that wrong) was so bad that it smelled up the whole upstairs of the house - luckily it was under the 30 day notice and we still hadn't had our baby yet - so we returned it.
Another nice thing to get just so that you know so that they can sleep in the room with you for a little prior to moving them into a room by themselves if you wanted to do this was a pack n play...came in SO handy because you can use it as a changing table too while they are little.
Best of luck and congrats!
Reply:Well, for my second set of twins we had to buy another crib because my father in law broke one and we got a simpicity one. I forget the actual name of it, but it is a 4 in 1 bed and it has a little dresser (with changing table on top) on the side with a shelf also. I think that at walmart it was under $250. It is very simple of me to lower the side of it with no problem when I have my son in my arms. I was not to hard to put together also. Any crib that you can get more than one use out of is great (ex toddler bed, daybed etc.)and well worth the money.
Reply:Call 1-800-222-6161 to order a catalog (Free)
http://www5.jcpenney.com/jcp/categoryall...
http://www5.jcpenney.com/jcp/SearchProdu...
http://www5.jcpenney.com/jcp/Products.as...
Give me your opinion insights and summary or how you understand this..?
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article One
Basic Air Quality Policies
SECTION 1. Short Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999".
SECTION 2. Declaration of Principles. - The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.
The State shall promote and protect the global environment to attain sustainable development while recognizing the primary responsibility of local government units to deal with environmental problems.
The State recognizes that the responsibility of cleaning the habitat and environment is primarily area-based.
The State also recognizes the principle that "polluters must pay".
Finally, the State recognizes that a clean and healthy environment is for the good of all and should therefore be the concern of all.
SECTION 3. Declaration of Policies. - The State shall pursue a policy of balancing development and environmental protection. To achieve this end, the frame work for sustainable development shall be pursued. It shall be the policy of the State to:
a. Formulate a holistic national program of air pollution management that shall be implemented by the government through proper delegation and effective coordination of functions and activities;
b. Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among citizens and industries through the application of market-based instruments;
c. Focus primarily on pollution prevention rather than on control and provide for a comprehensive management program for air pollution;
d. Promote public information and education and to encourage the participation of an informed and active public in air quality planning and monitoring; and
e. Formulate and enforce a system of accountability for short and long-term adverse environmental impact of a project, program or activity. This shall include the setting up of a funding or guarantee mechanism for clean-up and environmental rehabilitation and compensation for personal damages.
SECTION 4. Recognition of Rights. - Pursuant to the above-declared principles, the following rights of citizens are hereby sought to be recognized and the State shall seek to guarantee the enjoyment:
a. The right to breathe clean air;
b. The right to utilize and enjoy all natural resources according to the principles of sustainable development;
c. The right to participate in the formulation, planning, implementation and monitoring of environmental policies and programs and in the decision-making process;
d. The right to participate in the decision-making process concerning development policies, plans and programs projects or activities that may have adverse impact on the environment and public health;
e. The right to be informed of the nature and extent of the potential hazard of any activity, undertaking or project and to be served timely notice of any significant rise in the level of pollution and the accidental or deliberate release into the atmosphere of harmful or hazardous substances;
f. The right of access to public records which a citizen may need to exercise his or her rights effectively under this Act;
g. The right to bring action in court or quasi-judicial bodies to enjoin all activities in violation of environmental laws and regulations, to compel the rehabilitation and cleanup of affected area, and to seek the imposition of penal sanctions against violators of environmental laws;and
h. The right to bring action in court for compensation of personal damages resulting from the adverse environmental and public health impact of a project or activity.
Article Two
Definition of Terms
SECTION 5. -Definitions.- As used in this Act:
a.) "Air pollutant" means any matter found in the atmosphere other than oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and the inert gases in their natural or normal concentrations, that is detrimental to health or the environment, which includes but not limited to smoke, dust, soot, cinders, fly ash, solid particles of any king, gases, fumes, chemical mists, steam and radioactive substances;
b.) "Air pollution" means any alteration of the physical, chemical and biological properties of the atmospheric air, or any discharge thereto of any liquid, gaseous or solid substances that will or is likely to create or to render the air resources of the country harmful, detrimental, or injurious to public health, safety or welfare or which will adversely affect their utilization for domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, recreational, or other legitimate purposes;
c.) "Ambient air quality guideline values" means the concentration of air over specified periods classified as short-term and long-term which are intended to serve as goals or objectives for the protection of health and/or public welfare. These values shall be used for air quality management purposes such as determining time trends, evaluating stages of deterioration or enhancement o the air quality, and in general, used as basis or taking positive action in preventing, controlling, or abating air pollution;
d.) "Ambient air quality" means the general amount of pollution present in a broad area; and refers to the atmosphere's average purity as distinguished from discharge measurements taken at the source of pollution;
e.) "Certificate of Conformity" means a certificate issued by the Department o Environment and Natural Resources to a vehicle manufacturer/assembler or importer certifying that a particular new vehicle or vehicle type meets the requirements provided under this Act and its rules and regulations;
f.) "Department" means the Department of Environment and Natural Resources;
g.)" Eco-profile" means the geographic-based instrument for planners and decision makers which present an evaluation of the environment quality and carrying capacity of an area. It is the result of the integration of primary data and information on natural resources and antropogenic activities on the land which evaluated by various environmental risk assessment and forecasting methodologies that enable the Department to anticipate the type of development control necessary in the planning area.
h.)" Emission" means any air contaminant, pollutant, gas stream or unwanted sound from a known source which is passed into the atmosphere;
i.) " Greenhouse gases" means those gases that can potentially or can reasonably be expected to induce global warming, which include carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, chloroflourocarbons, and the like;
j.) "Hazardous substances" means those substances which present either : (1) short-term acute hazards such as acute toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption, corrosivity or other skin or eye contact hazard or the risk of fire explosion; or (2) long-term toxicity upon repeated exposure, carcinogecity (which in some cases result in acute exposure but with a long latent period), resistance to detoxification process such as biodegradation, the potential to pollute underground or surface waters;
k.)" Infectious waste " means that portion of medical waste that could transmit an infectious disease;
l.)" Medical waste" means that materials generated as a result of patient diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals;
m.) " Mobile source" means any vehicle propelled by or thorough combustion of carbon-based or other fuel, constructed and operated principally for the conveyance of persons or the transportation of property goods;
n.) " Motor vehicle" means any vehicle propelled by a gasoline or diesel engine or by any means other than human or animal power, constructed and operated principally for the conveyance of persons or the transportation of property or goods in a public highway or street open to public use;
o.) " Municipal waste" means the waste materials generated from communities within a specific locality;
p)." New vehicle" means a vehicle constructed entirely from new parts that has never been sold or registered with the DOTC or with the appropriate agency or authority, and operated on the highways of the Philippines, any foreign state of country;
q.) " Octane Rating or the Anti-Knock Index(AKI)" means the rating of the anti-knock characteristics of a grade or type of automotive gasoline as determined by dividing by two (2) the sum of the Research Octane Number (RON), plus the Motor Octane Number (MON); the octane requirement, with respect to automotive gasoline for use in a motor vehicle or a class thereof , whether imported, manufactured, or assembled by a manufacturer, shall refer to the minimum octane rating of such automotive gasoline which such manufacturer recommends for the efficient operation of such motor vehicle, or a substantial portion of such class, without knocking;
r.) " Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)" means those substances that significantly deplete or otherwise modify the ozone layer in a manner that is likely to result in adverse effects of human health and the environment such as , but not limited to , chloroflourocarbons, halons and the like;
s.) "Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)" means the organic compounds that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment. These compounds resist photolytic, chemical and biological degradation, which shall include but not be limited to dioxin, furan, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, such as aldrin, dieldrin, DDT, hexachlorobenzene, lindane, toxaphere and chlordane;
t.) "Poisonous and toxic fumes" means any emissions and fumes which are beyond internationally-accepted standards, including but not limited to the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values;
u. " Pollution control device " means any device or apparatus used to prevent, control or abate the pollution of air caused by emissions from identified pollution sources at levels within the air pollution control standards established by the Department;
v.) " Pollution control technology" means the pollution control devices, production process, fuel combustion processes or other means that effectively prevent or reduce emissions or effluent;
w.) " Standard of performance " means a standard for emissions of air pollutant which reflects the degree of emission limitation achievable through the application of the best system of emission reduction, taking into account the cost of achieving such reduction and any non-air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirement which the Department determines, and adequately demonstrates; and
x.) " Stationary source" means any building or immobile structure, facility or installation which emits or may emit any air pollutant.
CHAPTER 2
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Article One
General Provisions
SEC. 6. Air Quality Monitoring and Information Network - The Department shall prepare an annual National Air Quality Status Report which shall be used as the basis in formulating the Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework, as provided for in Sec. 7. The said report shall include, but shall not be limited to the following:
a.) Extent of pollution in the country, per type of pollutant and per type of source, based on reports of the Department's monitoring stations;
b.) Analysis and evaluation of the current state, trends and projections of air pollution at the various levels provided herein;
c.) Identification of critical areas, activities, or projects which will need closer monitoring or regulation;
d.) Recommendations for necessary executive and legislative action; and
e.) Other pertinent qualitative and quantitative information concerning the extent of air pollution and the air quality performance rating of industries in the country.
The Department, in cooperation with the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB), shall design and develop an information network for data storage, retrieval and exchange.
The Department shall serve as the central depository of all data and information related to air quality.
SEC. 7. Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework.- The Department shall within six (6) months after the effectivity of this Act, establish, with the participation of LGUs, NGOs, POs, the academe and other concerned entities from the private sector, formulate and implement the Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework for a comprehensive air pollution management and control program. The framework shall, among others, prescribe the emission reduction goals using permissible standards, control strategies and control measures to undertaken within a specified time period, including cost-effective use of economic incentives, managements strategies, collective actions, and environmental education and information.
The Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework shall be adopted as the official blueprint with which all government agencies must comply with to attain and maintain ambient air quality standards.
SEC. 8 Air Quality Control Action Plan- Within six (6) months after the formulation of the framework, the Department shall, with public participation, formulate and implement an air quality control action plan consistent with Sec. 7 of this Act. The action plan shall :
a.) Include enforceable emission limitations and other control measures, means or techniques, as well as schedules and time tables for compliance, as may be necessary or appropriate to meet the applicable requirements of this Act;
b.) Provide for the establishment and operation of appropriate devices, methods, systems and procedures necessary to monitor, compile and analyze data on ambient air quality;
c.) Include a program to provide for the following : (1) enforcement of the measures described in subparagraph (a);(2) regulation of the modification and construction of any stationary source within the areas covered by the plan, in accordance with land use policy to ensure that ambient air quality standards are achieved;
d). Contain adequate provisions, consistent with the provisions of this Act, prohibiting any source or other types of emissions activity within the country from emitting any air pollutant in amounts which will significantly contribute to the non-attainment or will interfere with the maintenance by the Department of any such ambient air quality standard required to be included in the implementation plan to prevent significant deterioration of air quality or to protect visibility;
e.) Include control strategies and control measures to be undertaken within a specified time period, including cost effective use of economic incentives, management strategies, collection action and environmental education and information;
f.) Designate airsheds; and
g.)All other measures necessary for the effective control and abatement of air pollution.
The adoption of the plan shall clarify the legal effects on the financial, manpower and budgetary resources of the affected government agencies, and on the alignment of their programs with the plans.
In addition to direct regulations, the plan shall be characterized by a participatory approach to the pollution problem. The involvement of private entities in the monitoring and testing of emissions from mobile and/or stationary sources shall be considered.
Likewise, the LGU's, with the assistance from the Department, shall prepare and develop an action plan consistent with the Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework to attain and maintain the ambient air quality standards with their respective airsheds as provided in Sec. 9 hereof.
The local government units shall develop and submit to the Department as procedure for carrying out the action plan for their jurisdiction. The Department, however, shall maintain its authority to independently inspect the enforcement procedure adopted. The Department shall have the power to closely supervise all or parts of the air quality action plan until such time the local government unit concerned can assume the function to enforce the standards set by the Department.
A multi-sectoral monitoring team with broad public representation shall be convened by the Department for each LGU to conduct periodic inspections of air pollution sources to assess compliance with emission limitations contained in their permits.
SEC. 9 Airsheds. - Pursuant to Sec. 8 of this Act, the designation of airsheds shall be on the basis of, but not limited to, areas with similar climate, meteorology and topology which affect the interchange and diffusion of pollutants in the atmosphere, or areas which share common interest or face similar development programs, prospects or problems.
For a more effective air quality management, a system of planning and coordination shall be established and a common action plan shall be formulated for each airshed.
To effectively carry out the formulated actions plans, a Governing Board is hereby created, hereinafter referred to as the Board.
The Board shall be headed by the Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources as chairman. The members shall be as follows:
a.) Provincial Governors from areas belonging to the airshed;
b.) City/Municipal Mayors from areas belonging to the airshed;
c.) A representative from each concerned government agency;
d.) Representatives from people's organizations;
e.) Representatives from non-government organizations; and
f.) Representatives from the private sector.
The Board shall perform the following functions:
a.) Formulation of policies;
b.) Preparation of a common action plan;
c.) Coordination of functions among its members; and
d.) Submission and publication of an annual Air Quality Status Report for each airshed.
Upon consultation with appropriate local government authorities, the Department shall, from time to time, revise the designation of airsheds utilizing eco-profiling techniques and undertaking scientific studies.
Emissions trading may be allowed among pollution sources within an airshed.
SEC. 10. Management of Nonattainment Areas.- The Department shall designate areas where specific pollutants have already exceeded ambient standards as nonattainment areas. The Department shall prepare and implement a program that will prohibit new sources of exceeded air pollutant without a corresponding reduction in existing resources.
In coordination with other appropriate government agencies, the LGUs shall prepare and implement a program and other measures including relocation, whenever necessary, to protect the health and welfare of residents in the area.
For those designated as nonattainment areas, the Department, after consultation with local government authorities, nongovernment organizations (NGOs), people's organizations (POs) and concerned sectors may revise the designation of such areas and expand its coverage to cover larger areas depending on the condition of the areas.
SEC. 11 Air Quality Control Techniques - Simultaneous with the issuance of the guideline values and standards, the Department, through the research and development program contained in this Act and upon consultation with appropriate advisory committees, government agencies and LGUs, shall issue, and from time to time, revise information on air pollution control techniques. Such information shall include:
a.) Best available technology and alternative methods of prevention, management and control of air pollution;
b.) Best available technology economically achievable which shall refer to the technological basis/standards for emission limits applicable to existing, direct industrial emitters of nonconventional and toxic pollutants; and
c.) Alternative fuels, processes and operating methods which will result in the eliminator or significant reduction of emissions.
Such information may also include data relating to the cost of installation and operation, energy requirements, emission reduction benefits, and environmental impact or the emission control technology.
The issuance of air quality guideline values, standards and information on air quality control techniques shall be made available to the general public : Provided, That the issuance of information on air quality control techniques shall not be construed as requiring the purchase of certain pollution control devices by the public.
SECTION 12. Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values and Standards.- The Department, in coordination with other concerned agencies, shall review and or revise and publish annually a list of hazardous air pollutants with corresponding ambient guideline values and / or standard necessary to protect health and safety, and general welfare. The initial list and values of the hazardous air pollutants shall be as follows :
a.) For National Ambient Air Quality Guideline for Criteria Pollutants :
Short Term a
Long Term b
Pollutants µg/Ncm ppm Averaging Time µg/Ncm ppm Averaging Time
Suspended Particulate Matterc-TSP 230d 24 hours 90 -- 1 yeare
-PM-10 150f 24 hours 60 -- 1 yeare
Sulfur Dioxidec 180 0.07 24 hours 80 0.03 1 year
Nitrogen Dioxide 150 0.08 24 hours -- -- --
Photochemical Oxidants 140 0.07 1 hour -- -- ---
As Ozone 60 0.03 8 hours -- -- --
Carbon Monoxide 35 30 1 hour -- -- --
mg/Ncm
10 9 8 hours -- -- --
mg/Ncm
Leadg 1.5 -- 3 monthsg 1.0 -- 1 year
a.Maximum limits represented by ninety-eight percentile (98%) values not to be exceed more than once a year.
b. Arithmetic mean
c. SO2 and Suspended Particulate matter are sampled once every six days when using the manual methods. A minimum of twelve sampling days per quarter of forty-eight sampling days each year is required for these methods. Daily sampling may be done in the future once continuous analyzers are procured and become available.
d. Limits for Total Suspended Particulate Matter with mass median diameter less than 25-50 um.
e. Annual Geometric Mean
f. Provisional limits for Suspended Particulate Matter with mass median diameter less than 10 microns and below until sufficient monitoring data are gathered to base a proper guideline.
g. Evaluation of this guideline is carried out for 24-hour averaging time and averaged over three moving calendar months. The monitored average value for any three months shall not exceed the guideline value.
b) For National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Source Specific Air Pollutants from :
Industrial Sources/ Operations:
Pollutants1
Concentration2
Averaging time (min.)
Method of Analysis/ Measurement3
µ/Ncm ppm
1. Ammonia 200 0.28 30 Nesselerization/ Indo Phenol
2. Carbon Disulfide 30 0.01 30 Tischer Method
3. Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds expressed as Cl2 100 0.03 5 Methyl Orange
4. Formaldehyde 50 0.04 30 Chromotropic acid Method or MBTH Colorimetric Method
5. Hydrogen Chloride 200 0.13 30 Volhard Titration with Iodine Solution
6. Hydrogen Sulfide 100 0.07 30 Methylene Blue
7. Lead 20 30 AASc
8. Nitrogen Dioxide 375,260 0.20,0.14 30,60 Greiss- Saltzman
9. Phenol 100 0.03 30 4-Aminoantiphyrine
10. Sulfur Dioxide 470, 340 0.18, 0.13 30,60 Colorimetric-Pararosaniline
11. Suspended Particulate
Matter-TSP 300 -- 60 Gravimetric
1 Pertinent ambient standards for Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Asbestos, Nitric Acid and Sulfuric Acid Mists in the 1978 NPCC Rules and Regulations may be considered as guides in determining compliance.
2 Ninety- eight percentile (98%) values of 30-minute sampling measured at 250C and one atmosphere pressure.
3 Other equivalent methods approved by the Department may be used.
The basis in setting up the ambient air quality guideline values and standards shall reflect, among others, the latest scientific knowledge including information on :
a) Variable, including atmospheric conditions, which of themselves or in combination with other factors may alter the effects on public health or welfare of such air pollutant;
b) The other types of air pollutants which may interact with such pollutant to produce an adverse effect on public health or welfare; and
c) The kind and extent of all identifiable effects on public health or welfare which may be expected from presence of such pollutant in the ambient air, in varying quantities.
The Department shall base such ambient air quality standards on World Health Organization (WHO) standards, but shall not be limited to nor be less stringent than such standards.
SEC. 13. Emission Charge System. - The Department, in case of industrial dischargers, and the Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC), in case of motor vehicle dischargers, shall, based on environmental techniques, design, impose on and collect regular emission fees from said dischargers as part of the emission permitting system or vehicle registration renewal system, as the case may be. The system shall encourage the industries and motor vehicles to abate, reduce, or prevent pollution. The basis of the fees include, but is not limited to, the volume and toxicity of any emitted pollutant. Industries, which shall install pollution control devices or retrofit their existing facilities with mechanisms that reduce pollution shall be entitled to tax incentives such as but not limited total credits and/or accelerated depreciation deductions.
SEC. 14 Air Quality Management Fund. - An Air Quality Management Fund to be administered by the Department as a special account in the National Treasury is hereby established to finance containment, removal, and clean-up operations of the Government in air pollution cases, guarantee restoration of ecosystems and rehabilitate areas affected by the acts of violators of this Act, to support research, enforcement and monitoring activities and capabilities of the relevant agencies, as well as to provide technical assistance to the relevant agencies. Such fund may likewise be allocated per airshed for the undertakings herein stated.
The Fund shall be sourced from the fines imposed and damages awarded to the Republic of the Philippines by the Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB), proceeds of licenses and permits issued by the Department under this Act, emission fees and from donations, endowments and grants in the forms of contributions. Contributions to the Fund shall be exempted from donor taxes and all other taxes, charges or fees imposed by the Government.
SEC. 15. Air Pollution Research and Development Program. - The Department, in coordination with the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), other agencies, the private sector, the academe, NGO's and PO's, shall establish a National Research and Development Program for the prevention and control of air pollution. The Department shall give special emphasis to research on and the development of improved methods having industry-wide application for the prevention and control of air pollution.
Such a research and development program shall develop air quality guideline values and standards in addition to internationally-accepted standards. It shall also consider the socio-cultural, political and economic implications of air quality management and pollution control.
ARTICLE TWO
Air Pollution Clearances and Permits for Stationary Sources
Sec. 16. Permits. Consistent with the provisions of this Act, the Department shall have the authority to issue permits as it may determine necessary for the prevention and abatement of air pollution.
Said permits shall cover emission limitations for the regulated air pollutants to help attain and maintain the ambient air quality standards. These permits shall serve as management tools for the LGUs in the development of their action plan.
SEC. 17 Emission Quotas. The Department may allow each regional industrial center that is designated as special airshed to allocate emission quotas to pollution sources within its jurisdiction that qualify under an environmental impact assessment system programmatic compliance program pursuant to the implementing rules and regulations of Presidential Decree No. 1586.
SEC. 18. Financial Liability for Environmental Rehabilitation. As Part of the environmental management plan attached to the environmental compliance certificate pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 1586 and rules and regulations set therefore, the Department shall require program and project proponents to put up financial guarantee mechanisms to finance the needs for emergency response, clean-up rehabilitation of areas that may be damaged during the program or project's actual implementation. Liability for damages shall continue even after the termination of a program or project, where such damages are clearly attributable to that program or project and for a definite period to be determined by the Department and incorporated into the environmental compliance certificate.
Financial liability instruments may be in the form a trust fund, environmental insurance, surety bonds, letters of credit, as well as self-insurance. The choice of the guarantee instruments shall furnish the Department with evidence of availment of such instruments.
ARTICLE THREE
Pollution from Stationary Sources
SEC. 19. Pollution From Stationary Sources.- The Department shall, within two (2) years from the effectivity of this Act, and every two (2) years thereafter, review, or as the need therefore arises, revise and publish emission standards, to further improve the emission standards for stationary sources of air pollution. Such emission standards shall be based on mass rate of emission for all stationary source of air pollution based on internationally accepted standards, but not be limited to, nor be less stringent than such standards and with the standards set forth in this section. The standards, whichever is applicable, shall be the limit on the acceptable level of pollutants emitted from a stationary source for the protection of the public's health and welfare.
With respect to any trade, industry, process and fuel-burning equipment or industrial plant emitting air pollutants, the concentration at the point of emission shall not exceed the following limits:
Pollutants
Standard Applicable to Source
Maximum Permissible Limits (mg/Ncm)
Method of Analysisa
1. Antimony and Its compounds any source 10 as Sb AASb
2. Arsenic and its compounds Any source 10 as As AASb
3. Cadmium and its compounds Any source 10 as Cd AASb
4. Carbon Monoxide Any industrial Source 500 as CO Orsat analysis
5. Copper and its Compounds Any industrial source 100 ax Cu AASb
6. Hydrofluoric Acids and Fluoride compounds Any source other than the manufacture of Aluminum from Alumina 50 as HF Titration with Ammonium Thiocyanate
7. Hydrogen Sulfide i) Geothermal Power Plants c.d Cadmium Sulfide Method
ii) Geothermal Exploration and well-testing e
iii) Any source other than (i) and (ii) 7 as H2S Cadmium Sulfide Method
8. Lead Any trade, industry or process 10 as Pb AASb
9. Mercury Any Source 5 as elemental Hg AASb/Cold-Vapor Technique or Hg Analyzer
10. Nickel and its compounds, except Nickel Carbonyl f Any source 20 as Ni AASb
11. NOx i) Manufacture of Nitric Acid 2,000 as acid and NOx and calculated as NO2 Phenol-disulfonic acid Method
ii) Fuel burning steam generators Phenol-disulfonic acid Method
Existing Source 1,500 as NO2
New Source
• Coal-Fired 1,000 as NO2
• Oil-Fired 500 as NO2
iii) Any source other than (i) adn (ii) Phenol-disulfonic acid Method
Existing Source 1000 as NO2
New Source 500 as NO2
12. Phosphorus Pentoxideg Any source 200 as P2O5 Spectrophotometry
13. Zinc and its Compounds Any source 100 as Zn AASb
a Other equivalent methods approved by the Department may be used.
b Atomic Absorption Specttrophotometry
c All new geothermal power plants starting construction by 01 January 1995 shall control HsS emissions to not more than 150 g/GMW-Hr
d All existing geothermal power plants shall control HsS emissions to not more than 200 g/GMW-Hr within 5 years from the date of effectivity of these revised regulations.
e Best practicable control technology for air emissions and liquid discharges. Compliance with air and water quality standards is required.
f Emission limit of Nickel Carbonyl shall not exceed 0.5 mg/Ncm.
g Provisional Guideline
Provided, that the maximum limits in mg/ncm particulates in said sources shall be :
1. Fuel Burning Equipment
a) Urban or Industrial Area 150 mg/Ncm
b) Other Area 200 mg/Ncm
2. Cement Plants (Kilns, etc.) 150 mg/Ncm
3. Smelting Furnaces 150 mg/Ncm
4. Other Stationary Sourcesa 200 mg/Ncm
a Other Stationary Sources means a trade, process, industrial plant, or fuel burning equipment other than thermal power plants, industrial boilers, cement plants, incinerators and smelting furnaces.
Provided, further, that the maximum limits for sulfur oxides in said sources shall be :
(1) Existing Sources
(i) Manufacture of Sulfuric Acid and Sulf(on)ation Process 2.0gm.Ncm as SO3
(ii) Fuel burning Equipment 1.5gm.Ncm as SO2
(iii) Other Stationary Sourcesa 1.0gm.Ncm as SO3
(2) New Sources
(i) Manufacture of Sulfuric Acid and Sulf(on)ation Process 1.5 gm.Ncm as SO3
(ii) Fuel Burning Equipment 0.7 gm.Ncm as SO2
(iii) Other Stationary Sourcesa 0.2 gm.Ncm as SO3
a Other Stationary Sources refer to existing and new stationary sources other than those caused by the manufacture of sulfuric acid and sulfonation process, fuel burning equipment and incineration.
For Stationary sources of pollution not specifically included in the immediately preceding paragraph, the following emission standards shall not be exceeded in the exhaust gas :
I. Daily And Half Hourly Average Values
Daily Average Values
Half Hourly Average Values
Total dust 10 mg/m3 30 mg/m3
Gaseous and vaporous organic substances, expressed as total organic carbon 10 mg/m3 20 mg/m3
Hydrogen chloride (HCl) 10 mg/m3 60 mg/m3
Hydrogen fluoride (HF) 1 mg/m3 4 mg/m3
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 50 mg/m3 200 mg/m3
Nitrogen monoxide (NO) and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), expressed as nitrogen dioxide for incineration plants with a capacity exceeding 3 tonnes per hour 200 mg/m3 400 mg/m3
Nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), expressed as nitrogen dioxide for incineration plants with a capacity of 3 tonnes per hour or less 300 mg/m3
Ammonia 10 mg/m3 20 mg/m3
II. All the Average Values over the Sample Period of a Minimum of 4 and Maximum of 8 Hours.
Cadmium and its compounds, expressed as cadmium (Cd) total 0.05
Thallium and its compounds, expressed as thallium (Tl) mg/m3
Mercury and its Compounds, expressed as mercury (Hg) 0.05 mg/m3
Antimony and its compounds, expressed as antimony (Sb)
Arsenic and its compounds, expressed as arsenic (As) total 0.5 mg/m3
Lead and its compounds, expressed as lead ( Pb)
Chromium and its compounds, expressed as chromium (Cr)
Cobalt and its compounds, expressed as cobalt (Co)
Copper and its compounds, expressed as copper (Cu)
Manganese and its compounds, expressed as manganese (Mn)
Nickel and its compounds, expressed as nickel (Ni)
Vanadium and its compounds, expressed as vanadium (V)
Tin and its compounds, expressed as tin (Sn)
These average value cover also gaseous and the vapor forms of the relevant heavy metal emission as well as their compounds. Provided, that the emission of dioxins and furans into the air shall be reduced by the most progressive techniques. Provided, further that all average of dioxin and furans measured over the sample period of a minimum of 5 hours and maximum of 8 hours must not exceed the limit value of 0.1 nanogram/m3.
Pursuant to Sec. 8 of this Act, the Department shall prepare a detailed action plan setting the emission standards or standards of performance for any stationary source the procedure for testing emissions for each type of pollutant, and the procedure for enforcement of said standards.
Existing industries, which are proven to exceed emission rates established by the Department in consultation with stakeholders, after a thorough, credible and transparent measurement process shall be allowed a grace period of eighteen (18) months for the establishment of an environmental management system and the installation of an appropriate air pollution control device : Provided, That an extension of not more than twelve (12) months may be allowed by the Department on meritorious grounds.
SEC. 20 Ban on Incineration.- Incineration , hereby defined as the burning of municipal, biomedical and hazardous waste, which process emits poisonous and toxic fumes is hereby prohibited; Provided, however, That the prohibition shall not apply to traditional small-scale method of community/neighborhood sanitation "siga", traditional, agricultural, cultural, health, and food preparation and crematoria; Provided, further, That existing incinerators dealing with a biomedical wastes shall be out within three (3) years after the effectivity of this Act; Provided, finally, that in the interim, such units shall be limited to the burning of pathological and infectious wastes, and subject to close monitoring by the Department.
Local government units are hereby mandated to promote, encourage and implement in their respective jurisdiction a comprehensive ecological waste management that includes waste segregation, recycling and composting.
With due concern on the effects of climate change, the Department shall promote the use of state-of-the-art, environmentally-sound and safe non-burn technologies for the handling, treatment, thermal destruction, utilization, and disposal of sorted, unrecycled, uncomposted, biomedical and hazardous wastes.
ARTICLE FOUR
Pollution from Motor Vehicles
Sec. 21. Pollution from Motor Vehicles. a) The DOTC shall implement the emission standards for motor vehicles set pursuant to and as provided in this Act. To further improve the emission standards, the Department shall review, revise and publish the
standards every two (2) years, or as the need arises. It shall consider the maximum limits for all major pollutants to ensure substantial improvement in air quality for the health, safety and welfare of the general public.
The following emission standards for type approval of motor vehicles shall be effective by the year 2003:
a.) For light duty vehicles, the exhausts emission limits for gaseous pollutants shall be:
Emission Limits for Light Duty Vehicles
Type Approval
(Directive 91/441/EEC)
CO
(g/km)
HC + NOx
(g/km)
PMa
(g/km)
2.72
0.97 0.14
a for compression-ignition engines only
b) For light commercial vehicles, the exhaust emission limit of gaseous pollutants as a function of the given reference mass shall be :
Reference Weight (RW) (kg)
CO (g/km)
HC + NOx (g/km)
PMa (g/km)
Category 1 1250%26lt; RW 2.72 0.97 0.14
Category 2 1250%26lt; RW%26lt;1700 5.17 1.4 0.19
Category 3 RW%26gt;1700 6.9 1.7 0.25
a for compression-ignition engines only
c.) For heavy duty vehicles, the exhaust emission limits of gaseous pollutants shall be :
Emission Limits for Heavy Duty Vehicles
Type Approval
(Directive 91/542/EEC)
CO
(g/k/Wh)
HC
(g/k/Wh)
NOx
(g/k/Wh)
PM
(g/k/Wh)
4.5
1.1
8.0
0.36a
a In the case of engines of 85 kW or less, the limit value for particular emissions in increased by multiplying the quoted limit by a coefficient of 1.7
Fuel evaporative emission for spark-ignition engines shall not exceed 2.0 grams hydrocarbons per test. Likewise, it shall not allow any emission of gases from crankcase ventilation system into the atmosphere.
b.) The Department, in collaboration with the DOTC, DTI and LGUs, shall develop an action plan for the control and management of air pollution from motor vehicles consistent with the Integrated Air Quality Framework. The DOTC shall enforce compliance with the emission standards for motor vehicles set by the Department. The DOTC may deputize other law enforcement agencies and LGUs for this purpose. To this end, the DOTC shall have the power to :
(1) Inspect and monitor the emissions of motor vehicles ;
(2) Prohibit or enjoin the use of motor vehicles or a class of motor vehicles in any area or street at specified times; and
(3) Authorize private testing emission testing centers duly accredited by the DTI.
c.) The DOTC, together with the DTI and the Department, shall establish the procedures for the inspection of motor vehicles and the testing of their emissions for the purpose of determining the concentration and/or rate of pollutants discharged by said sources.
d.) In order to ensure the substantial reduction of emissions from a motor vehicles, the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), together with the DOTC and the Department shall formulate and implement a national motor vehicle inspection and maintenance program that will promote efficient and safe operation of all motor vehicles. In this regard, the DTI shall develop and implement standards and procedures for the certification of training institutions, instructors and facilities and the licensing of qualified private service centers and their technicians as prerequisite for performing the testing, servicing, repair and the required adjustment to the vehicle emission system. The DTI shall likewise prescribe regulations requiring the disclosure of odometer readings and the use of tamper-resistant odometers for all motor vehicles including tamper-resistant fuel management systems for the effective implementation of the inspection and maintenance program.
SEC. 22 Regulation of All Motor Vehicles and Engines. Any imported new or locally-assembled new motor vehicle shall not be registered unless it complies with the emission standards set pursuant to this Act, as evidenced by a Certificate of Conformity (COC) issued by the Department.
Any imported new motor vehicle engine shall not be introduced into commerce, sold or used unless it complies with emission standards set pursuant to this Act.
Any imported used motor vehicle or rebuilt motor vehicle using new or used engines, major parts or components shall not be registered unless it complies with the emission standards.
In case of non-compliance, the importer or consignee may be allowed to modify or rebuild the vehicular engine so it will be in compliance with applicable emission standards.
No motor vehicle registration (MVR) shall be issued unless such motor vehicle passes the emission testing requirement promulgated in accordance with this Act. Such testing shall be conducted by the DOTC or its authorized inspection centers within sixty (60) days prior to date of registration.
The DTI shall promulgate the necessary regulations prescribing the useful life of vehicles and engines including devices in order to ensure that such vehicles will conform to the emissions which they were certified to meet. These regulations shall include provisions for ensuring the durability of emission devices.
SEC. 23. Second-Hand Motor Vehicle Engines. Any imported second-hand motor vehicle engine shall not be introduced into commerce, sold or used unless it complies with emission standards set pursuant to this Act.
ARTICLE FIVE-
Pollution from Other Sources
SEC. 24 Pollution from smoking. Smoking inside a public building or an enclosed public place including public vehicles and other means of transport or in any enclosed area outside of one's private residence, private place of work or any duly designated smoking area is hereby prohibited under this Act. This provision shall be implemented by the LGUs.
SEC. 25. Pollution from other Mobile Sources. The Department, in coordination with appropriate agencies, shall formulate and establish the necessary standards for all mobile sources other than those referred to in Sec. 21 of this Act. The imposition of the appropriate fines and penalties from these sources for any violation of emission standards shall be under the jurisdiction of the DOTC.
CHAPTER 3
FUELS, ADDITIVES, SUBSTANCES AND POLLUTANTS
Article One-
Fuels, Additives and Substances
SEC. 26 Fuels and Additives. Pursuant to the Air Quality Framework to be established under Section 7 of this Act, the Department of Energy (DOE), co-chaired by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), in consultation with the Bureau of Product Standards (BPS) of the DTI, the DOST, the representatives of the fuel and automotive industries, academe and the consumers shall set the specifications for all types of fuel and fuel-related products, to improve fuel composition for increased efficiency and reduced emissions; Provided, however, that the specifications for all types of fuel and fuel-related products set-forth pursuant to this section shall be adopted by the BPS as Philippine National Standards (PNS).
The DOE, shall also specify the allowable content of additives in all types of fuels and fuel-related products. Such standards shall be based primarily on threshold levels of health and research studies. On the basis of such specifications, the DOE shall likewise limit the content or begin that phase-out of additives in all types of fuels and fuel-related products as it may deem necessary. Other agencies involved in the performance of this function shall be required to coordinate with the DOE and transfer all documents and information necessary for the implementation of this provision.
Consistent with the provisions of the preceding paragraphs under this section, it is declared that :
a. not later than eighteen (18) months after the effectivity of this Act, no person shall manufacture, import, sell, supply, offer for sale, dispense, transport or introduce into commerce unleaded premium gasoline fuel which has an anti-knock index (AKI) of not less that 87.5 and Reid vapor pressure of not more than 9 psi. Within six (6) months after the effectivity of this Act, unleaded gasoline fuel shall contain aromatics not to exceed forty-five percent (45%) by volume and benzene not to exceed four percent (4%) by volume; Provided, that by year 2003, unleaded gasoline fuel should contain aromatics not to exceed thirty-five percent (35%) by volume and benzene not to exceed two percent (2%) by volume;
b. not later than eighteen (18) months after the effectivity of this Act, no person shall manufacture, import, sell, supply , offer for sale, dispense, transport or introduce into commerce automotive diesel fuel which contains a concentration of sulfur in excess of 0.20% by weight with a cetane number of index of not less than forty-eight (48); Provided, That by year 2004, content of said sulfur shall be 0.05% by weight ; and
c. not later than eighteen (18) months after the effectivity of this Act, no Person shall manufacture, import, sell, supply, offer for sale, dispense, transport or introduce into commerce industrial diesel fuel which contains a concentration of sulfur in excess of 0.30% (by weight).
Every two (2) years thereafter or as the need arises, the specifications of unleaded gasoline and of automotive and industrial diesel fuels shall be reviewed and revised for further improvement in formulation and in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
The fuels characterized above shall be commercially available. Likewise, the same shall be the reference fuels for emission and testing procedures to be established in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
Any proposed additive shall not in any way increase emissions of any of the regulated gases which shall include, but not limited to carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter, in order to be approved and certified by the Department.
SEC. 27. Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives.- The DOE, in coordination with the Department and the BPS, shall regulate the use of any fuel or fuel additive. No manufacturer, processor or trader of any fuel or additive may import, sell, offer for sale, or introduce into commerce such fuel for additive unless the same has been registered with the DOE. Prior to registration, the manufacturer, processor or trader shall provide the DOE with the following relevant information:
a. Product identity and composition to determine the potential health effects of such fuel additives;
b. Description of the analytical technique that can be used to detect and measure the additive in any fuel ;
c. Recommended range of concentration; and
d. Purpose in the use of the fuel and additive.
SEC. 28 Misfueling. In order to prevent the disabling of any emission control device by lead contamination, no person shall introduce or cause or allow the introduction of leaded gasoline into any motor vehicle equipped with a gasoline tank filler inlet and labeled " unleaded gasoline only ". This prohibition shall also apply to any person who knows or should know that such vehicle is designed solely for the use of unleaded gasoline.
SEC. 29. Prohibition on Manufacture. Import and Sale of leaded Gasoline and of Engines and/or Components Requiring Leaded Gasoline. Effective not later than eighteen (18) months after the enactment of this Act, no person shall manufacture, import, sell, offer for sale, introduce into commerce, convey or otherwise dispose of , in any manner leaded gasoline and engines and components requiring the use of leaded gasoline.
For existing vehicles, the DTI shall formulate standards and procedures that will allow non-conforming engines to comply with the use of unleaded fuel within five(5) years after the effectivity of this Act.
Article Two
Other Pollutants
SEC. 30. Ozone-Depleting Substances. Consistent with the terms and conditions of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and other international agreements and protocols to which the Philippines is a signatory, the Department shall phase out ozone-depleting substances.
Within sixty (60) days after the enactment of this Act, the Department shall publish a list of substances which are known to cause harmful effects on the stratospheric ozone layer.
SEC. 31. Greenhouse Gases. The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration (PAGASA) shall regularly monitor meteorological factors affecting environmental conditions including ozone depletion and greenhouse gases and coordinate with the Department in order to effectively guide air pollution monitoring and standard-setting activities.
The Department, together with concerned agencies and local government units, shall prepare and fully implement a national plan consistent with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and other international agreements, conventions and protocols on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the country.
SEC. 32. Persistent Organic Pollutants. The Department shall, within a period of two (2) years after the enactment of this Act, establish an inventory list of all sources of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the Country. The Department shall develop short-term and long-term national government programs on the reduction and elimination of POPs such as dioxins and furans. Such programs shall be formulated within a year after the establishment of the inventory list.
SEC. 33. Radioactive Emissions. All projects which will involve the use of atomic and/or nuclear energy, and will entail release and emission of radioactive substances into the environment, incident to the establishment or possession of nuclear energy facilities and radioactive materials, handling, transport, production, storage, and use of radioactive materials, shall be regulated in the interest of public health and welfare by the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI), in coordination with Department and other appropriate government agencies.
CHAPTER 4
INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM
SEC. 34. Lead Agency.- The Department, unless otherwise provided herein, shall be the primary government agency responsible for the implementation and enforcement of this Act. To be more effective in this regard, The Department's Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) shall be converted from a staff bureau to a line bureau for a period of no more than two (2) years, unless a separate, comprehensive environmental management agency is created.
SEC. 35 Linkage Mechanism. - The Department shall consult, participate, cooperate and enter into agreement with other government agencies, or with affected non-governmental (NGOs) or people's organizations (POs),or private enterprises in the furtherance of the objectives of this Act.
SEC. 36. Role of Local Government Units.- Local Government units (LGUs) shall share the responsibility in the management and maintenance of air quality within their territorial jurisdiction. Consistent with Secs. 7,8 and 9 of this Act, LGUs shall implement air quality standards set by the Board in areas within their jurisdiction; Provided, however, that in case where the board has not been duly constituted and has not promulgated its standards, the standards set forth in this Act shall apply.
The Department shall provide the LGUs with technical assistance, trainings and a continuing capability-building program to prepare them to undertake full administration of the air quality management and regulation within their territorial jurisdiction.
SEC. 37 Environmental and Natural Resources Office.- There may be established an Environment and Natural Resources Office in every province, city, or municipality which shall be headed by the environment and natural resources officer and shall be appointed by the Chief Executive of every province, city or municipality in accordance with the provisions of Section 484 of Republic Act No. 7160. Its powers and duties, among others, are :
a. To prepare comprehensive air quality management programs, plans and strategies within the limits set forth in Republic act. No. 7160 and this Act which shall be implemented within its territorial jurisdiction upon the approval of the sanggunian ;
b. To provide technical assistance and support to the governor or mayor, as the case may be, in carrying out measures to ensure the delivery of basic services and the provision of adequate facilities relative to air quality;
c. To take the lead in all efforts concerning air quality protection and rehabilitation;
d. To recommend to the Board air quality standards which shall not exceed the maximum permissible standards set by rational laws ;
e. To coordinate with other government agencies and non-governmental organizations in the implementation of measures to prevent and control air pollution; and
f. Exercise such other powers and perform such duties and functions as may be prescribed by law or ordinance. Provided, however, that, in provinces/cities/municipalities where there are no environment and natural resources officers, the local executive concerned may designate any of his official and/ or chief of office preferably the provincial, city or municipal agriculturist, or any of his employee; Provided, finally, that in case an employee is designated as such, he must have a sufficient experience in environmental and natural resources management, conservation and utilization.
SEC. 38 Record-keeping, Inspection, Monitoring and Entry by the Department.- The Department or its duly accredited entity shall, after proper consultation and notice, require any person who owns or operates any emissions source or who is subject to any requirement of this Act to : (a) establish and maintain relevant records; (b) make relevant reports; (c) install, use and maintain monitoring equipment or methods; (d) sample emission, in accordance with the methods, locations, intervals and manner prescribed by the Department; (e) keep records on control equipment parameters, production variables or other indirect data when direct monitoring of emissions is impractical; and (f) provide such other information as the Department may reasonably require.
Pursuant to this Act, the Department, through its authorized representatives, shall have the right of : (a) entry of access to any premises including documents and relevant materials as referred to in the herein preceding paragraph, b) inspect any pollution or waste source, control device, monitoring equipment or method required, and c) test any emission.
Any record, report or information obtained under this section shall be made available to the public, except upon a satisfactory showing to the Department by the entity concerned that the record, report or information, or parts thereof, if made public, would divulge secret methods or processes entitled to protection as intellectual property. Such record, report or information shall likewise be incorporated in the Department's industrial rating system.
SEC. 39. Public Education and Information Campaign.- A continuing air quality information and education campaign shall promoted by the Department, the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS), the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG), the Department of Agriculture (DA) and the Philippine Information Agency (PIA). Consistent with Sec. 7 of this Act, such campaign shall encourage the participation of other government agencies and the private sector including NGOs, POs, the academe, environmental groups and other private entities in a multi-sectoral information campaign.
CHAPTER 5
ACTIONS
SEC. 40 Administrative Action.- Without prejudice to the right of any affected person to file an administrative action , the Department shall, on its own instance or upon verified complaint by any person, institute administrative proceedings against any person who violates:
a) Standards or limitation provided under this Act; or
b) Any order, rule or regulation issued by the Department with respect to such standard or limitation.
SEC. 41. Citizen Suits. for purposes of enforcing the provisions of this Act or its implementing rules and regulations, any citizen may file an appropriate civil, criminal or administrative action in the proper courts against:
(a) Any person who violates or fails to comply with the provisions of this Act or its implementing rules and regulations; or
(b) The Department or other implementing agencies with respect to orders, rules and regulations issued inconsistent with this act; and/or
(c) Any public officer who willfully or grossly neglects the performance of an act specifically enjoined as a duty by this Act or its implementing rules and regulations; or abuses his authority in the performance of his duty; or, in any manner, improperly performs his duties under this Act or its implementing rules and regulations: Provided, however, That no suit can be filed until thirty-day (30) notice has been taken thereon.
The court shall exempt such action from the payment of filing fees, except fees for actions not capable of pecuniary estimations, and shall likewise, upon prima facie showing of the non-enforcement or violation complained of, exempt the plaintiff from the filing of an injunction bond for the issuance of a preliminary injunction.
Within thirty (30) days, the court shall make a determination if the compliant herein is malicious and/or baseless and shall accordingly dismiss the action and award attorney's fees and damages.
SEC .42 . Independence of Action.- The filing of an administrative suit against such person/entity does not preclude the right of any other person to file any criminal or civil action. Such civil action shall proceed independently.
SEC. 43 Suits and Strategic Legal Actions Against Public Participation and the Enforcement of this act.- where a suit is brought against a a person who filed an action as provided in Sec. 41 of this Act, or against any person, institutions or government agency that implements this Act, it shall be the duty of the investigating prosecutor or the court, as the case may be, to immediately make a determination not exceeding thirty (30) days whether said legal action has been filed to harass, vex, exert undue pressure or stifle such legal recourses of the person complaining of or enforcing the provisions of this Act. Upon determination thereof , evidence warranting the same, the court shall dismiss the case and award attorney's fees and double damages.
This provision shall also apply and benefit public officers who are sued for acts committed in their official capacity, their being no grave abuse of authority, and done in the course of enforcing this Act.
SEC. 44 Lien Upon Personal and Immovable Properties of Violators. Fines and penalties imposed pursuant to this Act shall be liens upon personal immovable properties of the violator. Such lien shall, in case of insolvency of the respondent violator , enjoy preference to laborer's wages under Article 2241 and 2242 of Republic Act No. 386, otherwise known as the New Civil Code of the Philippines.
CHAPTER 6
FINES AND PENALTIES
SEC. 45. Violation of Standards for Stationary Sources. For actual exceedance of any pollution or air quality standards under this Act or its rules and regulations, the Department, through the Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB), shall impose a fine of not more than One hundred thousand pesos ( P 100,000.00) for every day of violation against the owner or operator of a stationary source until such time that the standards have been complied with.
For purposes of the application of the fines, the PAB shall prepare a fine rating system to adjust the maximum fine based on the violator's ability to pay, degree of willfulness, degree of negligence, history of noncompliance and degree of recalcitrance. Provided, That in case of negligence, the first time offender's ability to pay may likewise be considered by the Pollution Adjudication Board; Provided, further, That in the absence of any extenuating or aggravating circumstances, the amount of fine for negligence shall be equivalent to one-half of the fine for willful violation.
The fines herein prescribed shall be increased by at least ten percent (10%), every three (3) years to compensate for inflation and to maintain the deterrent function of such fines.
In addition to the fines, the PAB shall order closure, suspension of development, construction, or operations of the stationary sources until such time that proper environmental safeguards are put in place; Provided, that an establishment liable for a third offense shall suffer permanent closure immediately. This paragraph shall be without prejudice to the immediate issuance of an ex parte order for such closure, suspension of development or construction, or cessation of operations during the pendency of the case upon prima facie evidence that their is imminent threat to life, public health, safety or general welfare, or to plant or animal life, or whenever there is an exceedance of the emission standards set by the Department and/or the Board and/or the appropriate LGU.
SEC. 46. Violation of Standards for Motor Vehicles. No motor vehicle shall be registered with the DOTC unless it meets the emission standards set by the Department as provided in Sec. 21 hereof.
Any vehicle suspected of violation of emission standards through visual signs, such as, but not limited to smoke-belching, shall be subjected to an emission test by a duly authorized emission testing center. For this purpose, the DOTC or its authorized testing center shall establish a roadside inspection system. Should it be shown that there was no violation of emission standards, the vehicle shall be immediately released. Otherwise, a testing result indicating an exceedance of the emission standards would warrant the continuing custody of the impounded vehicle unless the appropriate penalties are fully paid, and the license plate is surrendered to the DOTC pending the fulfillment of the undertaking by the owner/operator of the motor vehicle to make the necessary repairs so as to comply with the standards. A pass shall herein be issued by the DOTC to authorize the use of the motor vehicle within a specified period that shall not exceed seven (7) days for the sole purpose of making the necessary repairs on the said vehicle. The owner/operator of the vehicle shall be required to correct its defects and show proof of compliance to the appropriate pollution control office before the vehicle can be allowed to be driven on any public or subdivision roads.
In addition, the driver and operator of the apprehended vehicle shall undergo a seminar on pollution control management conducted by the DOTC and shall also suffer the following penalties:
a. First Offense - a fine not to exceed Two Thousand Pesos ( P 2, 000.00);
b. Second Offense - a fine not less than Two Thousand Pesos (P 2,000.00) and not to exceed Four Thousand Pesos (P 4, 000.00); and
c. Third offense - one (1) year suspension of the Motor Vehicle Registration (MVR) and a fine of not less than Four Thousand Pesos (P 4,000.00) and not more than Six thousand pesos (P 6,000.00).
Any violation of the provisions of Sec. 21 paragraph (d) with regard to national inspection and maintenance program, including technicians and facility compliance shall penalized with a fine of not less than Thirty Thousand Pesos (P 30,000.00) or cancellation of license of both the technician and the center, or both, as determined by the DTI.
All law enforcement officials and deputized agents accredited to conduct vehicle emissions testing and apprehensions shall undergo a mandatory training on emission standards and regulations. For this purpose, the Department, together with the DOTC, DTI, DOST, Philippine National Police (PNP) and other concerned agencies and private entities shall design a training program.
SEC. 47. Fines and Penalties for Violations of other Provisions in the Act. For violations of all other provisions provided in this Act and of the rules and regulations thereof, a fine of not less than Ten thousand pesos (P 10,000) but not more than One Hundred thousand Pesos ( P 100,000) or six (6) months to six (6) years imprisonment or both shall be imposed. If the offender is a juridical person, the president , manager, directors, trustees, the pollution control officer or the officials directly in charge of the operations shall suffer the penalty herein provided.
SEC. 48 Gross Violations. In case if gross violation of this Act or its implementing rules and regulations, the PAB shall recommend to the proper government agencies to file the appropriate criminal charges against the violators. The PAB shall assist the public prosecutor in the litigation of the case. Gross violation shall mean : (a) three (3) or more specific offenses within a period of one (1) year; (b) three (3) or more specific offenses with three (3) consecutive years; (c) blatant disregard of the orders of the PAB, such s but not limited to the breaking of seal, padlocks and other similar devices, or operation despite the existence of an order for closure, discontinuance or cessation of operation; and (d) irreparable or grave damage to the environment as a consequences of any violation of the provisions of this Act.
Offenders shall be punished with imprisonment of not less than six (6) years but not more than ten (10) years at the discretion of the court. If the offender is a juridical person, the president, manager, directors, trustees, the pollution control officer or the officials directly in charge of the operations shall suffer the penalty herein provided.
CHAPTER 7
FINAL PROVISIONS
SEC. 49. Potential Loss or Shifts of Employment.- The Secretary of Labor is hereby authorized to establish a compensation, retraining and relocation program to assist workers laid off due to a company's compliance with the provisions of this Act.
SEC. 50. Appropriations.- An amount of Seven Hundred Fifty million pesos ( P 750,000,000.00) shall be appropriated for the initial implementation of this Act, of which, the amount of Three Hundred million pesos (300,000,000.00) shall be appropriated to the Department; Two hundred million pesos (P200,000,000.00) shall to the DTI; One hundred Fifty million pesos (P150,000,000.00) to the DOTC; and One Hundred million pesos (P 100,000,000.00) to the DOE.
Thereafter, the amount necessary to effectively carry out the provisions of this Act shall be included in the General Appropriations Act.
SEC. 51. Implementing Rules and Regulations. The Department, in coordination with the Committees on Environment and Ecology of the Senate and House of Representatives, respectively and other agencies, shall promulgate the implementing rules and regulations for this Act, within one (1) year after the enactment of this Act: Provided, That rules and regulations issued by other government agencies and instrumentalities for the prevention and/or abatement of pollution not inconsistent with this Act shall supplement the rules and regulations issued by the Department pursuant to the provisions of this Act.
The draft of the implementing rules and regulations and standards set pursuant to the provisions of this Act.
SEC. 52. Report to Congress.- The Department shall report to Congress, not later than March 30 of every year following the approval of this Act, the progress of the pollution control efforts and make the necessary recommendations in areas where there is need for legislative action.
SEC. 53 Joint Congressional Oversight Committee. There is hereby created a joint congressional oversight committee to monitor the implementation of this Act. The committee shall be composed of five (5) senators representatives to be appointed by the Senate President and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, respectively, the oversight committee shall be co-chaired by a senator and a representative designated by the Senate President and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, respectively.
The mandate given to the joint congressional oversight committee under this Act shall be without prejudice to the performance of the duties and functions by the respective existing oversight committees of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
SEC. 54. Separability of Provisions. If any provision of this Act or the application of such provision to any person or circumstances is declared unconstitutional, the remainder of the Act or the application of such provision to other person or circumstances shall not be affected by such declaration.
SEC. 55. Repealing Clause. Presidential Decree No. 1181 is hereby repealed. Presidential Decree Nos. 1152, 1586, Presidential Decree No. 984 are partly modified. All other laws, orders, issuance, rules and regulations inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.
SEC. 56. Effectivity. This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days from the date of its publication in the Official Gazette or in at least two (2) newspapers of general circulation. Approved,
Give me your opinion insights and summary or how you understand this..?
Reality check.
The philippines has good sound laws but corrupt political influences always delay the implementation of these laws.
By the time these laws are enforced, they become so obsolete that another law must be passed (just like the politicians who regularly pass gas - i.e. fart through their mouth).
Reply:Sounds like MEXICO Report Abuse
Reply:Government officials(Politician)can not do anything about the ozone layer problem and we know that this ozone problem do really exist but is there any solution or something that can rebuild the ozone layer to its original form? Report Abuse
Reply:i don't alienate you for posting this one,but i don't thinks its practical to ask these question on yahoo answer which is really long long enough.If this your homework i must say thats its better if the time you had use for posting this one you just had tried to understand it by your own.
Reply:my answer is
got it?
Reply:Oh, pollution! The only time the Philippines can be declared as pollution free's after the typhoon. The wind cleared the Philippines' atmosphere as well as the underwater pollution. But if you really want to have clean air, climb a mountain and you will have clean air. I was able to experience climbing the end point of the Sierra Madre Mountain when I went to Infanta, Quezon to be with the Aetas' community. And with that, my asthma was cured. But when I went back to my abode, I could not breath easily due to pollution!
Reply:oh dear, go to the library and do your own coursework you lazy bugger! are you training to be a lawyer? if so, TSK TSK TSK!!!
Reply:it's too long, i think this is ur homework :-)
Reply:Air pollution.. My understanding is that you've just copied and pasted an entire article about the air quality in the Philippines.
Solution? Go up high the mountains or live in the jungle.. for sure you'll get quality air there.
Reply:it's good legislation.
I presume your point is that it's not being enforced.
Reply:i totally agree with this statement. i mean, come on, whats so bad about pollution(dont answer that question)?
Reply:it's good legislation.
I presume your point is that it's not being enforced.
how could you expect someone to read that
i bet you didnt
Reply:that is sOOOOOOOOooooo long..
LOL,seriously!☻☻
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article One
Basic Air Quality Policies
SECTION 1. Short Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999".
SECTION 2. Declaration of Principles. - The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.
The State shall promote and protect the global environment to attain sustainable development while recognizing the primary responsibility of local government units to deal with environmental problems.
The State recognizes that the responsibility of cleaning the habitat and environment is primarily area-based.
The State also recognizes the principle that "polluters must pay".
Finally, the State recognizes that a clean and healthy environment is for the good of all and should therefore be the concern of all.
SECTION 3. Declaration of Policies. - The State shall pursue a policy of balancing development and environmental protection. To achieve this end, the frame work for sustainable development shall be pursued. It shall be the policy of the State to:
a. Formulate a holistic national program of air pollution management that shall be implemented by the government through proper delegation and effective coordination of functions and activities;
b. Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among citizens and industries through the application of market-based instruments;
c. Focus primarily on pollution prevention rather than on control and provide for a comprehensive management program for air pollution;
d. Promote public information and education and to encourage the participation of an informed and active public in air quality planning and monitoring; and
e. Formulate and enforce a system of accountability for short and long-term adverse environmental impact of a project, program or activity. This shall include the setting up of a funding or guarantee mechanism for clean-up and environmental rehabilitation and compensation for personal damages.
SECTION 4. Recognition of Rights. - Pursuant to the above-declared principles, the following rights of citizens are hereby sought to be recognized and the State shall seek to guarantee the enjoyment:
a. The right to breathe clean air;
b. The right to utilize and enjoy all natural resources according to the principles of sustainable development;
c. The right to participate in the formulation, planning, implementation and monitoring of environmental policies and programs and in the decision-making process;
d. The right to participate in the decision-making process concerning development policies, plans and programs projects or activities that may have adverse impact on the environment and public health;
e. The right to be informed of the nature and extent of the potential hazard of any activity, undertaking or project and to be served timely notice of any significant rise in the level of pollution and the accidental or deliberate release into the atmosphere of harmful or hazardous substances;
f. The right of access to public records which a citizen may need to exercise his or her rights effectively under this Act;
g. The right to bring action in court or quasi-judicial bodies to enjoin all activities in violation of environmental laws and regulations, to compel the rehabilitation and cleanup of affected area, and to seek the imposition of penal sanctions against violators of environmental laws;and
h. The right to bring action in court for compensation of personal damages resulting from the adverse environmental and public health impact of a project or activity.
Article Two
Definition of Terms
SECTION 5. -Definitions.- As used in this Act:
a.) "Air pollutant" means any matter found in the atmosphere other than oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and the inert gases in their natural or normal concentrations, that is detrimental to health or the environment, which includes but not limited to smoke, dust, soot, cinders, fly ash, solid particles of any king, gases, fumes, chemical mists, steam and radioactive substances;
b.) "Air pollution" means any alteration of the physical, chemical and biological properties of the atmospheric air, or any discharge thereto of any liquid, gaseous or solid substances that will or is likely to create or to render the air resources of the country harmful, detrimental, or injurious to public health, safety or welfare or which will adversely affect their utilization for domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, recreational, or other legitimate purposes;
c.) "Ambient air quality guideline values" means the concentration of air over specified periods classified as short-term and long-term which are intended to serve as goals or objectives for the protection of health and/or public welfare. These values shall be used for air quality management purposes such as determining time trends, evaluating stages of deterioration or enhancement o the air quality, and in general, used as basis or taking positive action in preventing, controlling, or abating air pollution;
d.) "Ambient air quality" means the general amount of pollution present in a broad area; and refers to the atmosphere's average purity as distinguished from discharge measurements taken at the source of pollution;
e.) "Certificate of Conformity" means a certificate issued by the Department o Environment and Natural Resources to a vehicle manufacturer/assembler or importer certifying that a particular new vehicle or vehicle type meets the requirements provided under this Act and its rules and regulations;
f.) "Department" means the Department of Environment and Natural Resources;
g.)" Eco-profile" means the geographic-based instrument for planners and decision makers which present an evaluation of the environment quality and carrying capacity of an area. It is the result of the integration of primary data and information on natural resources and antropogenic activities on the land which evaluated by various environmental risk assessment and forecasting methodologies that enable the Department to anticipate the type of development control necessary in the planning area.
h.)" Emission" means any air contaminant, pollutant, gas stream or unwanted sound from a known source which is passed into the atmosphere;
i.) " Greenhouse gases" means those gases that can potentially or can reasonably be expected to induce global warming, which include carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, chloroflourocarbons, and the like;
j.) "Hazardous substances" means those substances which present either : (1) short-term acute hazards such as acute toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption, corrosivity or other skin or eye contact hazard or the risk of fire explosion; or (2) long-term toxicity upon repeated exposure, carcinogecity (which in some cases result in acute exposure but with a long latent period), resistance to detoxification process such as biodegradation, the potential to pollute underground or surface waters;
k.)" Infectious waste " means that portion of medical waste that could transmit an infectious disease;
l.)" Medical waste" means that materials generated as a result of patient diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals;
m.) " Mobile source" means any vehicle propelled by or thorough combustion of carbon-based or other fuel, constructed and operated principally for the conveyance of persons or the transportation of property goods;
n.) " Motor vehicle" means any vehicle propelled by a gasoline or diesel engine or by any means other than human or animal power, constructed and operated principally for the conveyance of persons or the transportation of property or goods in a public highway or street open to public use;
o.) " Municipal waste" means the waste materials generated from communities within a specific locality;
p)." New vehicle" means a vehicle constructed entirely from new parts that has never been sold or registered with the DOTC or with the appropriate agency or authority, and operated on the highways of the Philippines, any foreign state of country;
q.) " Octane Rating or the Anti-Knock Index(AKI)" means the rating of the anti-knock characteristics of a grade or type of automotive gasoline as determined by dividing by two (2) the sum of the Research Octane Number (RON), plus the Motor Octane Number (MON); the octane requirement, with respect to automotive gasoline for use in a motor vehicle or a class thereof , whether imported, manufactured, or assembled by a manufacturer, shall refer to the minimum octane rating of such automotive gasoline which such manufacturer recommends for the efficient operation of such motor vehicle, or a substantial portion of such class, without knocking;
r.) " Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)" means those substances that significantly deplete or otherwise modify the ozone layer in a manner that is likely to result in adverse effects of human health and the environment such as , but not limited to , chloroflourocarbons, halons and the like;
s.) "Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)" means the organic compounds that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment. These compounds resist photolytic, chemical and biological degradation, which shall include but not be limited to dioxin, furan, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, such as aldrin, dieldrin, DDT, hexachlorobenzene, lindane, toxaphere and chlordane;
t.) "Poisonous and toxic fumes" means any emissions and fumes which are beyond internationally-accepted standards, including but not limited to the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values;
u. " Pollution control device " means any device or apparatus used to prevent, control or abate the pollution of air caused by emissions from identified pollution sources at levels within the air pollution control standards established by the Department;
v.) " Pollution control technology" means the pollution control devices, production process, fuel combustion processes or other means that effectively prevent or reduce emissions or effluent;
w.) " Standard of performance " means a standard for emissions of air pollutant which reflects the degree of emission limitation achievable through the application of the best system of emission reduction, taking into account the cost of achieving such reduction and any non-air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirement which the Department determines, and adequately demonstrates; and
x.) " Stationary source" means any building or immobile structure, facility or installation which emits or may emit any air pollutant.
CHAPTER 2
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Article One
General Provisions
SEC. 6. Air Quality Monitoring and Information Network - The Department shall prepare an annual National Air Quality Status Report which shall be used as the basis in formulating the Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework, as provided for in Sec. 7. The said report shall include, but shall not be limited to the following:
a.) Extent of pollution in the country, per type of pollutant and per type of source, based on reports of the Department's monitoring stations;
b.) Analysis and evaluation of the current state, trends and projections of air pollution at the various levels provided herein;
c.) Identification of critical areas, activities, or projects which will need closer monitoring or regulation;
d.) Recommendations for necessary executive and legislative action; and
e.) Other pertinent qualitative and quantitative information concerning the extent of air pollution and the air quality performance rating of industries in the country.
The Department, in cooperation with the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB), shall design and develop an information network for data storage, retrieval and exchange.
The Department shall serve as the central depository of all data and information related to air quality.
SEC. 7. Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework.- The Department shall within six (6) months after the effectivity of this Act, establish, with the participation of LGUs, NGOs, POs, the academe and other concerned entities from the private sector, formulate and implement the Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework for a comprehensive air pollution management and control program. The framework shall, among others, prescribe the emission reduction goals using permissible standards, control strategies and control measures to undertaken within a specified time period, including cost-effective use of economic incentives, managements strategies, collective actions, and environmental education and information.
The Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework shall be adopted as the official blueprint with which all government agencies must comply with to attain and maintain ambient air quality standards.
SEC. 8 Air Quality Control Action Plan- Within six (6) months after the formulation of the framework, the Department shall, with public participation, formulate and implement an air quality control action plan consistent with Sec. 7 of this Act. The action plan shall :
a.) Include enforceable emission limitations and other control measures, means or techniques, as well as schedules and time tables for compliance, as may be necessary or appropriate to meet the applicable requirements of this Act;
b.) Provide for the establishment and operation of appropriate devices, methods, systems and procedures necessary to monitor, compile and analyze data on ambient air quality;
c.) Include a program to provide for the following : (1) enforcement of the measures described in subparagraph (a);(2) regulation of the modification and construction of any stationary source within the areas covered by the plan, in accordance with land use policy to ensure that ambient air quality standards are achieved;
d). Contain adequate provisions, consistent with the provisions of this Act, prohibiting any source or other types of emissions activity within the country from emitting any air pollutant in amounts which will significantly contribute to the non-attainment or will interfere with the maintenance by the Department of any such ambient air quality standard required to be included in the implementation plan to prevent significant deterioration of air quality or to protect visibility;
e.) Include control strategies and control measures to be undertaken within a specified time period, including cost effective use of economic incentives, management strategies, collection action and environmental education and information;
f.) Designate airsheds; and
g.)All other measures necessary for the effective control and abatement of air pollution.
The adoption of the plan shall clarify the legal effects on the financial, manpower and budgetary resources of the affected government agencies, and on the alignment of their programs with the plans.
In addition to direct regulations, the plan shall be characterized by a participatory approach to the pollution problem. The involvement of private entities in the monitoring and testing of emissions from mobile and/or stationary sources shall be considered.
Likewise, the LGU's, with the assistance from the Department, shall prepare and develop an action plan consistent with the Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework to attain and maintain the ambient air quality standards with their respective airsheds as provided in Sec. 9 hereof.
The local government units shall develop and submit to the Department as procedure for carrying out the action plan for their jurisdiction. The Department, however, shall maintain its authority to independently inspect the enforcement procedure adopted. The Department shall have the power to closely supervise all or parts of the air quality action plan until such time the local government unit concerned can assume the function to enforce the standards set by the Department.
A multi-sectoral monitoring team with broad public representation shall be convened by the Department for each LGU to conduct periodic inspections of air pollution sources to assess compliance with emission limitations contained in their permits.
SEC. 9 Airsheds. - Pursuant to Sec. 8 of this Act, the designation of airsheds shall be on the basis of, but not limited to, areas with similar climate, meteorology and topology which affect the interchange and diffusion of pollutants in the atmosphere, or areas which share common interest or face similar development programs, prospects or problems.
For a more effective air quality management, a system of planning and coordination shall be established and a common action plan shall be formulated for each airshed.
To effectively carry out the formulated actions plans, a Governing Board is hereby created, hereinafter referred to as the Board.
The Board shall be headed by the Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources as chairman. The members shall be as follows:
a.) Provincial Governors from areas belonging to the airshed;
b.) City/Municipal Mayors from areas belonging to the airshed;
c.) A representative from each concerned government agency;
d.) Representatives from people's organizations;
e.) Representatives from non-government organizations; and
f.) Representatives from the private sector.
The Board shall perform the following functions:
a.) Formulation of policies;
b.) Preparation of a common action plan;
c.) Coordination of functions among its members; and
d.) Submission and publication of an annual Air Quality Status Report for each airshed.
Upon consultation with appropriate local government authorities, the Department shall, from time to time, revise the designation of airsheds utilizing eco-profiling techniques and undertaking scientific studies.
Emissions trading may be allowed among pollution sources within an airshed.
SEC. 10. Management of Nonattainment Areas.- The Department shall designate areas where specific pollutants have already exceeded ambient standards as nonattainment areas. The Department shall prepare and implement a program that will prohibit new sources of exceeded air pollutant without a corresponding reduction in existing resources.
In coordination with other appropriate government agencies, the LGUs shall prepare and implement a program and other measures including relocation, whenever necessary, to protect the health and welfare of residents in the area.
For those designated as nonattainment areas, the Department, after consultation with local government authorities, nongovernment organizations (NGOs), people's organizations (POs) and concerned sectors may revise the designation of such areas and expand its coverage to cover larger areas depending on the condition of the areas.
SEC. 11 Air Quality Control Techniques - Simultaneous with the issuance of the guideline values and standards, the Department, through the research and development program contained in this Act and upon consultation with appropriate advisory committees, government agencies and LGUs, shall issue, and from time to time, revise information on air pollution control techniques. Such information shall include:
a.) Best available technology and alternative methods of prevention, management and control of air pollution;
b.) Best available technology economically achievable which shall refer to the technological basis/standards for emission limits applicable to existing, direct industrial emitters of nonconventional and toxic pollutants; and
c.) Alternative fuels, processes and operating methods which will result in the eliminator or significant reduction of emissions.
Such information may also include data relating to the cost of installation and operation, energy requirements, emission reduction benefits, and environmental impact or the emission control technology.
The issuance of air quality guideline values, standards and information on air quality control techniques shall be made available to the general public : Provided, That the issuance of information on air quality control techniques shall not be construed as requiring the purchase of certain pollution control devices by the public.
SECTION 12. Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values and Standards.- The Department, in coordination with other concerned agencies, shall review and or revise and publish annually a list of hazardous air pollutants with corresponding ambient guideline values and / or standard necessary to protect health and safety, and general welfare. The initial list and values of the hazardous air pollutants shall be as follows :
a.) For National Ambient Air Quality Guideline for Criteria Pollutants :
Short Term a
Long Term b
Pollutants µg/Ncm ppm Averaging Time µg/Ncm ppm Averaging Time
Suspended Particulate Matterc-TSP 230d 24 hours 90 -- 1 yeare
-PM-10 150f 24 hours 60 -- 1 yeare
Sulfur Dioxidec 180 0.07 24 hours 80 0.03 1 year
Nitrogen Dioxide 150 0.08 24 hours -- -- --
Photochemical Oxidants 140 0.07 1 hour -- -- ---
As Ozone 60 0.03 8 hours -- -- --
Carbon Monoxide 35 30 1 hour -- -- --
mg/Ncm
10 9 8 hours -- -- --
mg/Ncm
Leadg 1.5 -- 3 monthsg 1.0 -- 1 year
a.Maximum limits represented by ninety-eight percentile (98%) values not to be exceed more than once a year.
b. Arithmetic mean
c. SO2 and Suspended Particulate matter are sampled once every six days when using the manual methods. A minimum of twelve sampling days per quarter of forty-eight sampling days each year is required for these methods. Daily sampling may be done in the future once continuous analyzers are procured and become available.
d. Limits for Total Suspended Particulate Matter with mass median diameter less than 25-50 um.
e. Annual Geometric Mean
f. Provisional limits for Suspended Particulate Matter with mass median diameter less than 10 microns and below until sufficient monitoring data are gathered to base a proper guideline.
g. Evaluation of this guideline is carried out for 24-hour averaging time and averaged over three moving calendar months. The monitored average value for any three months shall not exceed the guideline value.
b) For National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Source Specific Air Pollutants from :
Industrial Sources/ Operations:
Pollutants1
Concentration2
Averaging time (min.)
Method of Analysis/ Measurement3
µ/Ncm ppm
1. Ammonia 200 0.28 30 Nesselerization/ Indo Phenol
2. Carbon Disulfide 30 0.01 30 Tischer Method
3. Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds expressed as Cl2 100 0.03 5 Methyl Orange
4. Formaldehyde 50 0.04 30 Chromotropic acid Method or MBTH Colorimetric Method
5. Hydrogen Chloride 200 0.13 30 Volhard Titration with Iodine Solution
6. Hydrogen Sulfide 100 0.07 30 Methylene Blue
7. Lead 20 30 AASc
8. Nitrogen Dioxide 375,260 0.20,0.14 30,60 Greiss- Saltzman
9. Phenol 100 0.03 30 4-Aminoantiphyrine
10. Sulfur Dioxide 470, 340 0.18, 0.13 30,60 Colorimetric-Pararosaniline
11. Suspended Particulate
Matter-TSP 300 -- 60 Gravimetric
1 Pertinent ambient standards for Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Asbestos, Nitric Acid and Sulfuric Acid Mists in the 1978 NPCC Rules and Regulations may be considered as guides in determining compliance.
2 Ninety- eight percentile (98%) values of 30-minute sampling measured at 250C and one atmosphere pressure.
3 Other equivalent methods approved by the Department may be used.
The basis in setting up the ambient air quality guideline values and standards shall reflect, among others, the latest scientific knowledge including information on :
a) Variable, including atmospheric conditions, which of themselves or in combination with other factors may alter the effects on public health or welfare of such air pollutant;
b) The other types of air pollutants which may interact with such pollutant to produce an adverse effect on public health or welfare; and
c) The kind and extent of all identifiable effects on public health or welfare which may be expected from presence of such pollutant in the ambient air, in varying quantities.
The Department shall base such ambient air quality standards on World Health Organization (WHO) standards, but shall not be limited to nor be less stringent than such standards.
SEC. 13. Emission Charge System. - The Department, in case of industrial dischargers, and the Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC), in case of motor vehicle dischargers, shall, based on environmental techniques, design, impose on and collect regular emission fees from said dischargers as part of the emission permitting system or vehicle registration renewal system, as the case may be. The system shall encourage the industries and motor vehicles to abate, reduce, or prevent pollution. The basis of the fees include, but is not limited to, the volume and toxicity of any emitted pollutant. Industries, which shall install pollution control devices or retrofit their existing facilities with mechanisms that reduce pollution shall be entitled to tax incentives such as but not limited total credits and/or accelerated depreciation deductions.
SEC. 14 Air Quality Management Fund. - An Air Quality Management Fund to be administered by the Department as a special account in the National Treasury is hereby established to finance containment, removal, and clean-up operations of the Government in air pollution cases, guarantee restoration of ecosystems and rehabilitate areas affected by the acts of violators of this Act, to support research, enforcement and monitoring activities and capabilities of the relevant agencies, as well as to provide technical assistance to the relevant agencies. Such fund may likewise be allocated per airshed for the undertakings herein stated.
The Fund shall be sourced from the fines imposed and damages awarded to the Republic of the Philippines by the Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB), proceeds of licenses and permits issued by the Department under this Act, emission fees and from donations, endowments and grants in the forms of contributions. Contributions to the Fund shall be exempted from donor taxes and all other taxes, charges or fees imposed by the Government.
SEC. 15. Air Pollution Research and Development Program. - The Department, in coordination with the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), other agencies, the private sector, the academe, NGO's and PO's, shall establish a National Research and Development Program for the prevention and control of air pollution. The Department shall give special emphasis to research on and the development of improved methods having industry-wide application for the prevention and control of air pollution.
Such a research and development program shall develop air quality guideline values and standards in addition to internationally-accepted standards. It shall also consider the socio-cultural, political and economic implications of air quality management and pollution control.
ARTICLE TWO
Air Pollution Clearances and Permits for Stationary Sources
Sec. 16. Permits. Consistent with the provisions of this Act, the Department shall have the authority to issue permits as it may determine necessary for the prevention and abatement of air pollution.
Said permits shall cover emission limitations for the regulated air pollutants to help attain and maintain the ambient air quality standards. These permits shall serve as management tools for the LGUs in the development of their action plan.
SEC. 17 Emission Quotas. The Department may allow each regional industrial center that is designated as special airshed to allocate emission quotas to pollution sources within its jurisdiction that qualify under an environmental impact assessment system programmatic compliance program pursuant to the implementing rules and regulations of Presidential Decree No. 1586.
SEC. 18. Financial Liability for Environmental Rehabilitation. As Part of the environmental management plan attached to the environmental compliance certificate pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 1586 and rules and regulations set therefore, the Department shall require program and project proponents to put up financial guarantee mechanisms to finance the needs for emergency response, clean-up rehabilitation of areas that may be damaged during the program or project's actual implementation. Liability for damages shall continue even after the termination of a program or project, where such damages are clearly attributable to that program or project and for a definite period to be determined by the Department and incorporated into the environmental compliance certificate.
Financial liability instruments may be in the form a trust fund, environmental insurance, surety bonds, letters of credit, as well as self-insurance. The choice of the guarantee instruments shall furnish the Department with evidence of availment of such instruments.
ARTICLE THREE
Pollution from Stationary Sources
SEC. 19. Pollution From Stationary Sources.- The Department shall, within two (2) years from the effectivity of this Act, and every two (2) years thereafter, review, or as the need therefore arises, revise and publish emission standards, to further improve the emission standards for stationary sources of air pollution. Such emission standards shall be based on mass rate of emission for all stationary source of air pollution based on internationally accepted standards, but not be limited to, nor be less stringent than such standards and with the standards set forth in this section. The standards, whichever is applicable, shall be the limit on the acceptable level of pollutants emitted from a stationary source for the protection of the public's health and welfare.
With respect to any trade, industry, process and fuel-burning equipment or industrial plant emitting air pollutants, the concentration at the point of emission shall not exceed the following limits:
Pollutants
Standard Applicable to Source
Maximum Permissible Limits (mg/Ncm)
Method of Analysisa
1. Antimony and Its compounds any source 10 as Sb AASb
2. Arsenic and its compounds Any source 10 as As AASb
3. Cadmium and its compounds Any source 10 as Cd AASb
4. Carbon Monoxide Any industrial Source 500 as CO Orsat analysis
5. Copper and its Compounds Any industrial source 100 ax Cu AASb
6. Hydrofluoric Acids and Fluoride compounds Any source other than the manufacture of Aluminum from Alumina 50 as HF Titration with Ammonium Thiocyanate
7. Hydrogen Sulfide i) Geothermal Power Plants c.d Cadmium Sulfide Method
ii) Geothermal Exploration and well-testing e
iii) Any source other than (i) and (ii) 7 as H2S Cadmium Sulfide Method
8. Lead Any trade, industry or process 10 as Pb AASb
9. Mercury Any Source 5 as elemental Hg AASb/Cold-Vapor Technique or Hg Analyzer
10. Nickel and its compounds, except Nickel Carbonyl f Any source 20 as Ni AASb
11. NOx i) Manufacture of Nitric Acid 2,000 as acid and NOx and calculated as NO2 Phenol-disulfonic acid Method
ii) Fuel burning steam generators Phenol-disulfonic acid Method
Existing Source 1,500 as NO2
New Source
• Coal-Fired 1,000 as NO2
• Oil-Fired 500 as NO2
iii) Any source other than (i) adn (ii) Phenol-disulfonic acid Method
Existing Source 1000 as NO2
New Source 500 as NO2
12. Phosphorus Pentoxideg Any source 200 as P2O5 Spectrophotometry
13. Zinc and its Compounds Any source 100 as Zn AASb
a Other equivalent methods approved by the Department may be used.
b Atomic Absorption Specttrophotometry
c All new geothermal power plants starting construction by 01 January 1995 shall control HsS emissions to not more than 150 g/GMW-Hr
d All existing geothermal power plants shall control HsS emissions to not more than 200 g/GMW-Hr within 5 years from the date of effectivity of these revised regulations.
e Best practicable control technology for air emissions and liquid discharges. Compliance with air and water quality standards is required.
f Emission limit of Nickel Carbonyl shall not exceed 0.5 mg/Ncm.
g Provisional Guideline
Provided, that the maximum limits in mg/ncm particulates in said sources shall be :
1. Fuel Burning Equipment
a) Urban or Industrial Area 150 mg/Ncm
b) Other Area 200 mg/Ncm
2. Cement Plants (Kilns, etc.) 150 mg/Ncm
3. Smelting Furnaces 150 mg/Ncm
4. Other Stationary Sourcesa 200 mg/Ncm
a Other Stationary Sources means a trade, process, industrial plant, or fuel burning equipment other than thermal power plants, industrial boilers, cement plants, incinerators and smelting furnaces.
Provided, further, that the maximum limits for sulfur oxides in said sources shall be :
(1) Existing Sources
(i) Manufacture of Sulfuric Acid and Sulf(on)ation Process 2.0gm.Ncm as SO3
(ii) Fuel burning Equipment 1.5gm.Ncm as SO2
(iii) Other Stationary Sourcesa 1.0gm.Ncm as SO3
(2) New Sources
(i) Manufacture of Sulfuric Acid and Sulf(on)ation Process 1.5 gm.Ncm as SO3
(ii) Fuel Burning Equipment 0.7 gm.Ncm as SO2
(iii) Other Stationary Sourcesa 0.2 gm.Ncm as SO3
a Other Stationary Sources refer to existing and new stationary sources other than those caused by the manufacture of sulfuric acid and sulfonation process, fuel burning equipment and incineration.
For Stationary sources of pollution not specifically included in the immediately preceding paragraph, the following emission standards shall not be exceeded in the exhaust gas :
I. Daily And Half Hourly Average Values
Daily Average Values
Half Hourly Average Values
Total dust 10 mg/m3 30 mg/m3
Gaseous and vaporous organic substances, expressed as total organic carbon 10 mg/m3 20 mg/m3
Hydrogen chloride (HCl) 10 mg/m3 60 mg/m3
Hydrogen fluoride (HF) 1 mg/m3 4 mg/m3
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 50 mg/m3 200 mg/m3
Nitrogen monoxide (NO) and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), expressed as nitrogen dioxide for incineration plants with a capacity exceeding 3 tonnes per hour 200 mg/m3 400 mg/m3
Nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), expressed as nitrogen dioxide for incineration plants with a capacity of 3 tonnes per hour or less 300 mg/m3
Ammonia 10 mg/m3 20 mg/m3
II. All the Average Values over the Sample Period of a Minimum of 4 and Maximum of 8 Hours.
Cadmium and its compounds, expressed as cadmium (Cd) total 0.05
Thallium and its compounds, expressed as thallium (Tl) mg/m3
Mercury and its Compounds, expressed as mercury (Hg) 0.05 mg/m3
Antimony and its compounds, expressed as antimony (Sb)
Arsenic and its compounds, expressed as arsenic (As) total 0.5 mg/m3
Lead and its compounds, expressed as lead ( Pb)
Chromium and its compounds, expressed as chromium (Cr)
Cobalt and its compounds, expressed as cobalt (Co)
Copper and its compounds, expressed as copper (Cu)
Manganese and its compounds, expressed as manganese (Mn)
Nickel and its compounds, expressed as nickel (Ni)
Vanadium and its compounds, expressed as vanadium (V)
Tin and its compounds, expressed as tin (Sn)
These average value cover also gaseous and the vapor forms of the relevant heavy metal emission as well as their compounds. Provided, that the emission of dioxins and furans into the air shall be reduced by the most progressive techniques. Provided, further that all average of dioxin and furans measured over the sample period of a minimum of 5 hours and maximum of 8 hours must not exceed the limit value of 0.1 nanogram/m3.
Pursuant to Sec. 8 of this Act, the Department shall prepare a detailed action plan setting the emission standards or standards of performance for any stationary source the procedure for testing emissions for each type of pollutant, and the procedure for enforcement of said standards.
Existing industries, which are proven to exceed emission rates established by the Department in consultation with stakeholders, after a thorough, credible and transparent measurement process shall be allowed a grace period of eighteen (18) months for the establishment of an environmental management system and the installation of an appropriate air pollution control device : Provided, That an extension of not more than twelve (12) months may be allowed by the Department on meritorious grounds.
SEC. 20 Ban on Incineration.- Incineration , hereby defined as the burning of municipal, biomedical and hazardous waste, which process emits poisonous and toxic fumes is hereby prohibited; Provided, however, That the prohibition shall not apply to traditional small-scale method of community/neighborhood sanitation "siga", traditional, agricultural, cultural, health, and food preparation and crematoria; Provided, further, That existing incinerators dealing with a biomedical wastes shall be out within three (3) years after the effectivity of this Act; Provided, finally, that in the interim, such units shall be limited to the burning of pathological and infectious wastes, and subject to close monitoring by the Department.
Local government units are hereby mandated to promote, encourage and implement in their respective jurisdiction a comprehensive ecological waste management that includes waste segregation, recycling and composting.
With due concern on the effects of climate change, the Department shall promote the use of state-of-the-art, environmentally-sound and safe non-burn technologies for the handling, treatment, thermal destruction, utilization, and disposal of sorted, unrecycled, uncomposted, biomedical and hazardous wastes.
ARTICLE FOUR
Pollution from Motor Vehicles
Sec. 21. Pollution from Motor Vehicles. a) The DOTC shall implement the emission standards for motor vehicles set pursuant to and as provided in this Act. To further improve the emission standards, the Department shall review, revise and publish the
standards every two (2) years, or as the need arises. It shall consider the maximum limits for all major pollutants to ensure substantial improvement in air quality for the health, safety and welfare of the general public.
The following emission standards for type approval of motor vehicles shall be effective by the year 2003:
a.) For light duty vehicles, the exhausts emission limits for gaseous pollutants shall be:
Emission Limits for Light Duty Vehicles
Type Approval
(Directive 91/441/EEC)
CO
(g/km)
HC + NOx
(g/km)
PMa
(g/km)
2.72
0.97 0.14
a for compression-ignition engines only
b) For light commercial vehicles, the exhaust emission limit of gaseous pollutants as a function of the given reference mass shall be :
Reference Weight (RW) (kg)
CO (g/km)
HC + NOx (g/km)
PMa (g/km)
Category 1 1250%26lt; RW 2.72 0.97 0.14
Category 2 1250%26lt; RW%26lt;1700 5.17 1.4 0.19
Category 3 RW%26gt;1700 6.9 1.7 0.25
a for compression-ignition engines only
c.) For heavy duty vehicles, the exhaust emission limits of gaseous pollutants shall be :
Emission Limits for Heavy Duty Vehicles
Type Approval
(Directive 91/542/EEC)
CO
(g/k/Wh)
HC
(g/k/Wh)
NOx
(g/k/Wh)
PM
(g/k/Wh)
4.5
1.1
8.0
0.36a
a In the case of engines of 85 kW or less, the limit value for particular emissions in increased by multiplying the quoted limit by a coefficient of 1.7
Fuel evaporative emission for spark-ignition engines shall not exceed 2.0 grams hydrocarbons per test. Likewise, it shall not allow any emission of gases from crankcase ventilation system into the atmosphere.
b.) The Department, in collaboration with the DOTC, DTI and LGUs, shall develop an action plan for the control and management of air pollution from motor vehicles consistent with the Integrated Air Quality Framework. The DOTC shall enforce compliance with the emission standards for motor vehicles set by the Department. The DOTC may deputize other law enforcement agencies and LGUs for this purpose. To this end, the DOTC shall have the power to :
(1) Inspect and monitor the emissions of motor vehicles ;
(2) Prohibit or enjoin the use of motor vehicles or a class of motor vehicles in any area or street at specified times; and
(3) Authorize private testing emission testing centers duly accredited by the DTI.
c.) The DOTC, together with the DTI and the Department, shall establish the procedures for the inspection of motor vehicles and the testing of their emissions for the purpose of determining the concentration and/or rate of pollutants discharged by said sources.
d.) In order to ensure the substantial reduction of emissions from a motor vehicles, the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), together with the DOTC and the Department shall formulate and implement a national motor vehicle inspection and maintenance program that will promote efficient and safe operation of all motor vehicles. In this regard, the DTI shall develop and implement standards and procedures for the certification of training institutions, instructors and facilities and the licensing of qualified private service centers and their technicians as prerequisite for performing the testing, servicing, repair and the required adjustment to the vehicle emission system. The DTI shall likewise prescribe regulations requiring the disclosure of odometer readings and the use of tamper-resistant odometers for all motor vehicles including tamper-resistant fuel management systems for the effective implementation of the inspection and maintenance program.
SEC. 22 Regulation of All Motor Vehicles and Engines. Any imported new or locally-assembled new motor vehicle shall not be registered unless it complies with the emission standards set pursuant to this Act, as evidenced by a Certificate of Conformity (COC) issued by the Department.
Any imported new motor vehicle engine shall not be introduced into commerce, sold or used unless it complies with emission standards set pursuant to this Act.
Any imported used motor vehicle or rebuilt motor vehicle using new or used engines, major parts or components shall not be registered unless it complies with the emission standards.
In case of non-compliance, the importer or consignee may be allowed to modify or rebuild the vehicular engine so it will be in compliance with applicable emission standards.
No motor vehicle registration (MVR) shall be issued unless such motor vehicle passes the emission testing requirement promulgated in accordance with this Act. Such testing shall be conducted by the DOTC or its authorized inspection centers within sixty (60) days prior to date of registration.
The DTI shall promulgate the necessary regulations prescribing the useful life of vehicles and engines including devices in order to ensure that such vehicles will conform to the emissions which they were certified to meet. These regulations shall include provisions for ensuring the durability of emission devices.
SEC. 23. Second-Hand Motor Vehicle Engines. Any imported second-hand motor vehicle engine shall not be introduced into commerce, sold or used unless it complies with emission standards set pursuant to this Act.
ARTICLE FIVE-
Pollution from Other Sources
SEC. 24 Pollution from smoking. Smoking inside a public building or an enclosed public place including public vehicles and other means of transport or in any enclosed area outside of one's private residence, private place of work or any duly designated smoking area is hereby prohibited under this Act. This provision shall be implemented by the LGUs.
SEC. 25. Pollution from other Mobile Sources. The Department, in coordination with appropriate agencies, shall formulate and establish the necessary standards for all mobile sources other than those referred to in Sec. 21 of this Act. The imposition of the appropriate fines and penalties from these sources for any violation of emission standards shall be under the jurisdiction of the DOTC.
CHAPTER 3
FUELS, ADDITIVES, SUBSTANCES AND POLLUTANTS
Article One-
Fuels, Additives and Substances
SEC. 26 Fuels and Additives. Pursuant to the Air Quality Framework to be established under Section 7 of this Act, the Department of Energy (DOE), co-chaired by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), in consultation with the Bureau of Product Standards (BPS) of the DTI, the DOST, the representatives of the fuel and automotive industries, academe and the consumers shall set the specifications for all types of fuel and fuel-related products, to improve fuel composition for increased efficiency and reduced emissions; Provided, however, that the specifications for all types of fuel and fuel-related products set-forth pursuant to this section shall be adopted by the BPS as Philippine National Standards (PNS).
The DOE, shall also specify the allowable content of additives in all types of fuels and fuel-related products. Such standards shall be based primarily on threshold levels of health and research studies. On the basis of such specifications, the DOE shall likewise limit the content or begin that phase-out of additives in all types of fuels and fuel-related products as it may deem necessary. Other agencies involved in the performance of this function shall be required to coordinate with the DOE and transfer all documents and information necessary for the implementation of this provision.
Consistent with the provisions of the preceding paragraphs under this section, it is declared that :
a. not later than eighteen (18) months after the effectivity of this Act, no person shall manufacture, import, sell, supply, offer for sale, dispense, transport or introduce into commerce unleaded premium gasoline fuel which has an anti-knock index (AKI) of not less that 87.5 and Reid vapor pressure of not more than 9 psi. Within six (6) months after the effectivity of this Act, unleaded gasoline fuel shall contain aromatics not to exceed forty-five percent (45%) by volume and benzene not to exceed four percent (4%) by volume; Provided, that by year 2003, unleaded gasoline fuel should contain aromatics not to exceed thirty-five percent (35%) by volume and benzene not to exceed two percent (2%) by volume;
b. not later than eighteen (18) months after the effectivity of this Act, no person shall manufacture, import, sell, supply , offer for sale, dispense, transport or introduce into commerce automotive diesel fuel which contains a concentration of sulfur in excess of 0.20% by weight with a cetane number of index of not less than forty-eight (48); Provided, That by year 2004, content of said sulfur shall be 0.05% by weight ; and
c. not later than eighteen (18) months after the effectivity of this Act, no Person shall manufacture, import, sell, supply, offer for sale, dispense, transport or introduce into commerce industrial diesel fuel which contains a concentration of sulfur in excess of 0.30% (by weight).
Every two (2) years thereafter or as the need arises, the specifications of unleaded gasoline and of automotive and industrial diesel fuels shall be reviewed and revised for further improvement in formulation and in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
The fuels characterized above shall be commercially available. Likewise, the same shall be the reference fuels for emission and testing procedures to be established in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
Any proposed additive shall not in any way increase emissions of any of the regulated gases which shall include, but not limited to carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter, in order to be approved and certified by the Department.
SEC. 27. Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives.- The DOE, in coordination with the Department and the BPS, shall regulate the use of any fuel or fuel additive. No manufacturer, processor or trader of any fuel or additive may import, sell, offer for sale, or introduce into commerce such fuel for additive unless the same has been registered with the DOE. Prior to registration, the manufacturer, processor or trader shall provide the DOE with the following relevant information:
a. Product identity and composition to determine the potential health effects of such fuel additives;
b. Description of the analytical technique that can be used to detect and measure the additive in any fuel ;
c. Recommended range of concentration; and
d. Purpose in the use of the fuel and additive.
SEC. 28 Misfueling. In order to prevent the disabling of any emission control device by lead contamination, no person shall introduce or cause or allow the introduction of leaded gasoline into any motor vehicle equipped with a gasoline tank filler inlet and labeled " unleaded gasoline only ". This prohibition shall also apply to any person who knows or should know that such vehicle is designed solely for the use of unleaded gasoline.
SEC. 29. Prohibition on Manufacture. Import and Sale of leaded Gasoline and of Engines and/or Components Requiring Leaded Gasoline. Effective not later than eighteen (18) months after the enactment of this Act, no person shall manufacture, import, sell, offer for sale, introduce into commerce, convey or otherwise dispose of , in any manner leaded gasoline and engines and components requiring the use of leaded gasoline.
For existing vehicles, the DTI shall formulate standards and procedures that will allow non-conforming engines to comply with the use of unleaded fuel within five(5) years after the effectivity of this Act.
Article Two
Other Pollutants
SEC. 30. Ozone-Depleting Substances. Consistent with the terms and conditions of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and other international agreements and protocols to which the Philippines is a signatory, the Department shall phase out ozone-depleting substances.
Within sixty (60) days after the enactment of this Act, the Department shall publish a list of substances which are known to cause harmful effects on the stratospheric ozone layer.
SEC. 31. Greenhouse Gases. The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration (PAGASA) shall regularly monitor meteorological factors affecting environmental conditions including ozone depletion and greenhouse gases and coordinate with the Department in order to effectively guide air pollution monitoring and standard-setting activities.
The Department, together with concerned agencies and local government units, shall prepare and fully implement a national plan consistent with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and other international agreements, conventions and protocols on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the country.
SEC. 32. Persistent Organic Pollutants. The Department shall, within a period of two (2) years after the enactment of this Act, establish an inventory list of all sources of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the Country. The Department shall develop short-term and long-term national government programs on the reduction and elimination of POPs such as dioxins and furans. Such programs shall be formulated within a year after the establishment of the inventory list.
SEC. 33. Radioactive Emissions. All projects which will involve the use of atomic and/or nuclear energy, and will entail release and emission of radioactive substances into the environment, incident to the establishment or possession of nuclear energy facilities and radioactive materials, handling, transport, production, storage, and use of radioactive materials, shall be regulated in the interest of public health and welfare by the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI), in coordination with Department and other appropriate government agencies.
CHAPTER 4
INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM
SEC. 34. Lead Agency.- The Department, unless otherwise provided herein, shall be the primary government agency responsible for the implementation and enforcement of this Act. To be more effective in this regard, The Department's Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) shall be converted from a staff bureau to a line bureau for a period of no more than two (2) years, unless a separate, comprehensive environmental management agency is created.
SEC. 35 Linkage Mechanism. - The Department shall consult, participate, cooperate and enter into agreement with other government agencies, or with affected non-governmental (NGOs) or people's organizations (POs),or private enterprises in the furtherance of the objectives of this Act.
SEC. 36. Role of Local Government Units.- Local Government units (LGUs) shall share the responsibility in the management and maintenance of air quality within their territorial jurisdiction. Consistent with Secs. 7,8 and 9 of this Act, LGUs shall implement air quality standards set by the Board in areas within their jurisdiction; Provided, however, that in case where the board has not been duly constituted and has not promulgated its standards, the standards set forth in this Act shall apply.
The Department shall provide the LGUs with technical assistance, trainings and a continuing capability-building program to prepare them to undertake full administration of the air quality management and regulation within their territorial jurisdiction.
SEC. 37 Environmental and Natural Resources Office.- There may be established an Environment and Natural Resources Office in every province, city, or municipality which shall be headed by the environment and natural resources officer and shall be appointed by the Chief Executive of every province, city or municipality in accordance with the provisions of Section 484 of Republic Act No. 7160. Its powers and duties, among others, are :
a. To prepare comprehensive air quality management programs, plans and strategies within the limits set forth in Republic act. No. 7160 and this Act which shall be implemented within its territorial jurisdiction upon the approval of the sanggunian ;
b. To provide technical assistance and support to the governor or mayor, as the case may be, in carrying out measures to ensure the delivery of basic services and the provision of adequate facilities relative to air quality;
c. To take the lead in all efforts concerning air quality protection and rehabilitation;
d. To recommend to the Board air quality standards which shall not exceed the maximum permissible standards set by rational laws ;
e. To coordinate with other government agencies and non-governmental organizations in the implementation of measures to prevent and control air pollution; and
f. Exercise such other powers and perform such duties and functions as may be prescribed by law or ordinance. Provided, however, that, in provinces/cities/municipalities where there are no environment and natural resources officers, the local executive concerned may designate any of his official and/ or chief of office preferably the provincial, city or municipal agriculturist, or any of his employee; Provided, finally, that in case an employee is designated as such, he must have a sufficient experience in environmental and natural resources management, conservation and utilization.
SEC. 38 Record-keeping, Inspection, Monitoring and Entry by the Department.- The Department or its duly accredited entity shall, after proper consultation and notice, require any person who owns or operates any emissions source or who is subject to any requirement of this Act to : (a) establish and maintain relevant records; (b) make relevant reports; (c) install, use and maintain monitoring equipment or methods; (d) sample emission, in accordance with the methods, locations, intervals and manner prescribed by the Department; (e) keep records on control equipment parameters, production variables or other indirect data when direct monitoring of emissions is impractical; and (f) provide such other information as the Department may reasonably require.
Pursuant to this Act, the Department, through its authorized representatives, shall have the right of : (a) entry of access to any premises including documents and relevant materials as referred to in the herein preceding paragraph, b) inspect any pollution or waste source, control device, monitoring equipment or method required, and c) test any emission.
Any record, report or information obtained under this section shall be made available to the public, except upon a satisfactory showing to the Department by the entity concerned that the record, report or information, or parts thereof, if made public, would divulge secret methods or processes entitled to protection as intellectual property. Such record, report or information shall likewise be incorporated in the Department's industrial rating system.
SEC. 39. Public Education and Information Campaign.- A continuing air quality information and education campaign shall promoted by the Department, the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS), the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG), the Department of Agriculture (DA) and the Philippine Information Agency (PIA). Consistent with Sec. 7 of this Act, such campaign shall encourage the participation of other government agencies and the private sector including NGOs, POs, the academe, environmental groups and other private entities in a multi-sectoral information campaign.
CHAPTER 5
ACTIONS
SEC. 40 Administrative Action.- Without prejudice to the right of any affected person to file an administrative action , the Department shall, on its own instance or upon verified complaint by any person, institute administrative proceedings against any person who violates:
a) Standards or limitation provided under this Act; or
b) Any order, rule or regulation issued by the Department with respect to such standard or limitation.
SEC. 41. Citizen Suits. for purposes of enforcing the provisions of this Act or its implementing rules and regulations, any citizen may file an appropriate civil, criminal or administrative action in the proper courts against:
(a) Any person who violates or fails to comply with the provisions of this Act or its implementing rules and regulations; or
(b) The Department or other implementing agencies with respect to orders, rules and regulations issued inconsistent with this act; and/or
(c) Any public officer who willfully or grossly neglects the performance of an act specifically enjoined as a duty by this Act or its implementing rules and regulations; or abuses his authority in the performance of his duty; or, in any manner, improperly performs his duties under this Act or its implementing rules and regulations: Provided, however, That no suit can be filed until thirty-day (30) notice has been taken thereon.
The court shall exempt such action from the payment of filing fees, except fees for actions not capable of pecuniary estimations, and shall likewise, upon prima facie showing of the non-enforcement or violation complained of, exempt the plaintiff from the filing of an injunction bond for the issuance of a preliminary injunction.
Within thirty (30) days, the court shall make a determination if the compliant herein is malicious and/or baseless and shall accordingly dismiss the action and award attorney's fees and damages.
SEC .42 . Independence of Action.- The filing of an administrative suit against such person/entity does not preclude the right of any other person to file any criminal or civil action. Such civil action shall proceed independently.
SEC. 43 Suits and Strategic Legal Actions Against Public Participation and the Enforcement of this act.- where a suit is brought against a a person who filed an action as provided in Sec. 41 of this Act, or against any person, institutions or government agency that implements this Act, it shall be the duty of the investigating prosecutor or the court, as the case may be, to immediately make a determination not exceeding thirty (30) days whether said legal action has been filed to harass, vex, exert undue pressure or stifle such legal recourses of the person complaining of or enforcing the provisions of this Act. Upon determination thereof , evidence warranting the same, the court shall dismiss the case and award attorney's fees and double damages.
This provision shall also apply and benefit public officers who are sued for acts committed in their official capacity, their being no grave abuse of authority, and done in the course of enforcing this Act.
SEC. 44 Lien Upon Personal and Immovable Properties of Violators. Fines and penalties imposed pursuant to this Act shall be liens upon personal immovable properties of the violator. Such lien shall, in case of insolvency of the respondent violator , enjoy preference to laborer's wages under Article 2241 and 2242 of Republic Act No. 386, otherwise known as the New Civil Code of the Philippines.
CHAPTER 6
FINES AND PENALTIES
SEC. 45. Violation of Standards for Stationary Sources. For actual exceedance of any pollution or air quality standards under this Act or its rules and regulations, the Department, through the Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB), shall impose a fine of not more than One hundred thousand pesos ( P 100,000.00) for every day of violation against the owner or operator of a stationary source until such time that the standards have been complied with.
For purposes of the application of the fines, the PAB shall prepare a fine rating system to adjust the maximum fine based on the violator's ability to pay, degree of willfulness, degree of negligence, history of noncompliance and degree of recalcitrance. Provided, That in case of negligence, the first time offender's ability to pay may likewise be considered by the Pollution Adjudication Board; Provided, further, That in the absence of any extenuating or aggravating circumstances, the amount of fine for negligence shall be equivalent to one-half of the fine for willful violation.
The fines herein prescribed shall be increased by at least ten percent (10%), every three (3) years to compensate for inflation and to maintain the deterrent function of such fines.
In addition to the fines, the PAB shall order closure, suspension of development, construction, or operations of the stationary sources until such time that proper environmental safeguards are put in place; Provided, that an establishment liable for a third offense shall suffer permanent closure immediately. This paragraph shall be without prejudice to the immediate issuance of an ex parte order for such closure, suspension of development or construction, or cessation of operations during the pendency of the case upon prima facie evidence that their is imminent threat to life, public health, safety or general welfare, or to plant or animal life, or whenever there is an exceedance of the emission standards set by the Department and/or the Board and/or the appropriate LGU.
SEC. 46. Violation of Standards for Motor Vehicles. No motor vehicle shall be registered with the DOTC unless it meets the emission standards set by the Department as provided in Sec. 21 hereof.
Any vehicle suspected of violation of emission standards through visual signs, such as, but not limited to smoke-belching, shall be subjected to an emission test by a duly authorized emission testing center. For this purpose, the DOTC or its authorized testing center shall establish a roadside inspection system. Should it be shown that there was no violation of emission standards, the vehicle shall be immediately released. Otherwise, a testing result indicating an exceedance of the emission standards would warrant the continuing custody of the impounded vehicle unless the appropriate penalties are fully paid, and the license plate is surrendered to the DOTC pending the fulfillment of the undertaking by the owner/operator of the motor vehicle to make the necessary repairs so as to comply with the standards. A pass shall herein be issued by the DOTC to authorize the use of the motor vehicle within a specified period that shall not exceed seven (7) days for the sole purpose of making the necessary repairs on the said vehicle. The owner/operator of the vehicle shall be required to correct its defects and show proof of compliance to the appropriate pollution control office before the vehicle can be allowed to be driven on any public or subdivision roads.
In addition, the driver and operator of the apprehended vehicle shall undergo a seminar on pollution control management conducted by the DOTC and shall also suffer the following penalties:
a. First Offense - a fine not to exceed Two Thousand Pesos ( P 2, 000.00);
b. Second Offense - a fine not less than Two Thousand Pesos (P 2,000.00) and not to exceed Four Thousand Pesos (P 4, 000.00); and
c. Third offense - one (1) year suspension of the Motor Vehicle Registration (MVR) and a fine of not less than Four Thousand Pesos (P 4,000.00) and not more than Six thousand pesos (P 6,000.00).
Any violation of the provisions of Sec. 21 paragraph (d) with regard to national inspection and maintenance program, including technicians and facility compliance shall penalized with a fine of not less than Thirty Thousand Pesos (P 30,000.00) or cancellation of license of both the technician and the center, or both, as determined by the DTI.
All law enforcement officials and deputized agents accredited to conduct vehicle emissions testing and apprehensions shall undergo a mandatory training on emission standards and regulations. For this purpose, the Department, together with the DOTC, DTI, DOST, Philippine National Police (PNP) and other concerned agencies and private entities shall design a training program.
SEC. 47. Fines and Penalties for Violations of other Provisions in the Act. For violations of all other provisions provided in this Act and of the rules and regulations thereof, a fine of not less than Ten thousand pesos (P 10,000) but not more than One Hundred thousand Pesos ( P 100,000) or six (6) months to six (6) years imprisonment or both shall be imposed. If the offender is a juridical person, the president , manager, directors, trustees, the pollution control officer or the officials directly in charge of the operations shall suffer the penalty herein provided.
SEC. 48 Gross Violations. In case if gross violation of this Act or its implementing rules and regulations, the PAB shall recommend to the proper government agencies to file the appropriate criminal charges against the violators. The PAB shall assist the public prosecutor in the litigation of the case. Gross violation shall mean : (a) three (3) or more specific offenses within a period of one (1) year; (b) three (3) or more specific offenses with three (3) consecutive years; (c) blatant disregard of the orders of the PAB, such s but not limited to the breaking of seal, padlocks and other similar devices, or operation despite the existence of an order for closure, discontinuance or cessation of operation; and (d) irreparable or grave damage to the environment as a consequences of any violation of the provisions of this Act.
Offenders shall be punished with imprisonment of not less than six (6) years but not more than ten (10) years at the discretion of the court. If the offender is a juridical person, the president, manager, directors, trustees, the pollution control officer or the officials directly in charge of the operations shall suffer the penalty herein provided.
CHAPTER 7
FINAL PROVISIONS
SEC. 49. Potential Loss or Shifts of Employment.- The Secretary of Labor is hereby authorized to establish a compensation, retraining and relocation program to assist workers laid off due to a company's compliance with the provisions of this Act.
SEC. 50. Appropriations.- An amount of Seven Hundred Fifty million pesos ( P 750,000,000.00) shall be appropriated for the initial implementation of this Act, of which, the amount of Three Hundred million pesos (300,000,000.00) shall be appropriated to the Department; Two hundred million pesos (P200,000,000.00) shall to the DTI; One hundred Fifty million pesos (P150,000,000.00) to the DOTC; and One Hundred million pesos (P 100,000,000.00) to the DOE.
Thereafter, the amount necessary to effectively carry out the provisions of this Act shall be included in the General Appropriations Act.
SEC. 51. Implementing Rules and Regulations. The Department, in coordination with the Committees on Environment and Ecology of the Senate and House of Representatives, respectively and other agencies, shall promulgate the implementing rules and regulations for this Act, within one (1) year after the enactment of this Act: Provided, That rules and regulations issued by other government agencies and instrumentalities for the prevention and/or abatement of pollution not inconsistent with this Act shall supplement the rules and regulations issued by the Department pursuant to the provisions of this Act.
The draft of the implementing rules and regulations and standards set pursuant to the provisions of this Act.
SEC. 52. Report to Congress.- The Department shall report to Congress, not later than March 30 of every year following the approval of this Act, the progress of the pollution control efforts and make the necessary recommendations in areas where there is need for legislative action.
SEC. 53 Joint Congressional Oversight Committee. There is hereby created a joint congressional oversight committee to monitor the implementation of this Act. The committee shall be composed of five (5) senators representatives to be appointed by the Senate President and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, respectively, the oversight committee shall be co-chaired by a senator and a representative designated by the Senate President and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, respectively.
The mandate given to the joint congressional oversight committee under this Act shall be without prejudice to the performance of the duties and functions by the respective existing oversight committees of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
SEC. 54. Separability of Provisions. If any provision of this Act or the application of such provision to any person or circumstances is declared unconstitutional, the remainder of the Act or the application of such provision to other person or circumstances shall not be affected by such declaration.
SEC. 55. Repealing Clause. Presidential Decree No. 1181 is hereby repealed. Presidential Decree Nos. 1152, 1586, Presidential Decree No. 984 are partly modified. All other laws, orders, issuance, rules and regulations inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.
SEC. 56. Effectivity. This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days from the date of its publication in the Official Gazette or in at least two (2) newspapers of general circulation. Approved,
Give me your opinion insights and summary or how you understand this..?
Reality check.
The philippines has good sound laws but corrupt political influences always delay the implementation of these laws.
By the time these laws are enforced, they become so obsolete that another law must be passed (just like the politicians who regularly pass gas - i.e. fart through their mouth).
Reply:Sounds like MEXICO Report Abuse
Reply:Government officials(Politician)can not do anything about the ozone layer problem and we know that this ozone problem do really exist but is there any solution or something that can rebuild the ozone layer to its original form? Report Abuse
Reply:i don't alienate you for posting this one,but i don't thinks its practical to ask these question on yahoo answer which is really long long enough.If this your homework i must say thats its better if the time you had use for posting this one you just had tried to understand it by your own.
Reply:my answer is
got it?
Reply:Oh, pollution! The only time the Philippines can be declared as pollution free's after the typhoon. The wind cleared the Philippines' atmosphere as well as the underwater pollution. But if you really want to have clean air, climb a mountain and you will have clean air. I was able to experience climbing the end point of the Sierra Madre Mountain when I went to Infanta, Quezon to be with the Aetas' community. And with that, my asthma was cured. But when I went back to my abode, I could not breath easily due to pollution!
Reply:oh dear, go to the library and do your own coursework you lazy bugger! are you training to be a lawyer? if so, TSK TSK TSK!!!
Reply:it's too long, i think this is ur homework :-)
Reply:Air pollution.. My understanding is that you've just copied and pasted an entire article about the air quality in the Philippines.
Solution? Go up high the mountains or live in the jungle.. for sure you'll get quality air there.
Reply:it's good legislation.
I presume your point is that it's not being enforced.
Reply:i totally agree with this statement. i mean, come on, whats so bad about pollution(dont answer that question)?
Reply:it's good legislation.
I presume your point is that it's not being enforced.
how could you expect someone to read that
i bet you didnt
Reply:that is sOOOOOOOOooooo long..
LOL,seriously!☻☻
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